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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-21
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Date published2002-04-01
Geotechnical and geoecological analysis of the causes of deformation of some architectural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg (on the example of St. Isaac's Cathedral)
- Authors:
- O. Yu. Aleksandrova
The reasons for deformations of one of the most important architectural and historical monuments and shrines of St. Petersburg - St. Isaac's Cathedral - are analyzed. The history of the construction of the cathedral, its design features are described, special attention is paid to the arrangement of the foundations of this unique structure. The main natural and technogenic factors which play a negative role in the development of long-term and irregular deformations of the cathedral are considered. It is emphasized that the presence of weak sandy-clay soils and the absence of their filtration consolidation has predetermined the non-stabilized state of the soils at the base of the cathedral. Leaks from drainage systems contribute to active pollution of groundwater and predetermine the reduction of strength and strain properties of soils. The composition of ground waters indicates active leaching of dolomitized limestones of the Putilovskaya plate, which were used in the construction of the foundations. The made calculations showed that the foundation of the cathedral works in the stage of plastic deformation, accompanied by catching of grounds from under the foundations. The calculations of the maximum and average values of settlements on the basis of consideration of soils as linear and nonlinear medium have been made. It is shown that the most rational means of protection to prevent the development of further deformation of the cathedral is the "wall-in-soil" construction.
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Date submitted2001-09-17
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Date accepted2001-10-02
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Date published2002-04-01
Distribution features of the bentonite-bearing silty-sandy-clayey sequence of the Tarusian horizon (р Serpukhovian) of the northwest the Russian Platform
- Authors:
- A. S. Afonov
The peculiarities of distribution of the bentonite-bearing silty-sandy-clayey sequence of the Tarusian stage are considered using materials of geological surveys of different years on scales 1:50 000 and 1:200 000 The result of generalization of all available materials was the construction of the schematic map of distribution of silty-sandy-clayey sediments of the Tarusian stage. It shows that the bentonite-bearing sediments are mainly confined to the west-northwestern part of the Carboniferous Plateau. The formation of this member is associated with the manifestation of a special hydrothermal-sedimentary type of lithogenesis in the northwestern part of the Russian Platform during the Serpukhov time.
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Date submitted2001-09-12
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Date accepted2001-10-08
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Date published2002-04-01
Attribution of ammonites from Jurassic stratotypic sections in England
- Authors:
- D. V. Bezgodova
A characterization of a collection of ammonites from type sections of the Jurassic system of England is given. The collection was assembled in the early 20th century and is held at the Department of Historical and Dynamic Geology, St. Petersburg Mining Institute. The diagnosis of ammonite forms made in the early 20th century has been revised and refined. The collection includes the following specimens: Psilloceras eruatum Phillips (old name Psilloceras planorbis Sow.), sinemur, locality Redstock; Gleviceros victoris Sow. (old name Oxynoticeras victoris), bluenemur, Redstock; Androgynoceras capricornus Schl. (Aegoceras capricomis Schl.), Lower Plinsbach, Sharmu g; Echioceras regulare True.-W. (Ophioceras raricostatum Zief.), lower Leias, Lyme Regiers; Acanthopleuroceras valdani (Aegoceras capricomis Schl.), lower Plainsbach, Charmouth; Soninia sp. (Sonninia sp.), Middle Jurassic, Bristol; Witchellia laeviusculata Sow. (Witchellia sp.), upper Lower Bajos, Bristol; Ludwigia Murchisoni Sow. (Cosmogyria), Lower Aalenian, Bristol; Euaspidoceras ex. gr. perarmalum Sow. (Aspidoceras per am atum Sow.), Lower Oxford.
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Date submitted2001-09-12
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Date accepted2001-10-30
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Date published2002-04-01
Standard methodology for measuring the stiffness properties of drilling mud for weakly consolidated rocks
- Authors:
- P. A. Blinov
When drilling exploration wells in weakly cohesive and uncohesive rocks, represented by sands, boulder and pebble and moraine sediments, by traditional methods, narrowing and collapse of the borehole occurs, which leads to sticking of drilling tools, redrilling of already passed intervals and causes complication of borehole designs (i.e., requires the placement of additional casing). All this implies additional expenditures of time and materials. At present this problem is solved by development of special flushing fluid compositions capable of keeping wellbore in steady state due to their anchoring properties. In order to determine the effect of flushing fluid on wellbore stability it is necessary to investigate the strength characteristics of rocks treated with drilling mud. An "express-methodology" of such research is offered.
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Date submitted2001-09-22
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Date accepted2001-10-09
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Date published2002-04-01
Granite Crown of St. Petersburg
- Authors:
- A. G. Bogatyreva
A historical review of the granite deposits of the Northwest of Russia, which have been used and are used in the construction of the city, has been performed. Five types of granites represented in these deposits are considered: trachytoid, ovoid, porphyritic plagiomicrocline, plagioclase, and red fine-grained. The geographical location of the deposits and the routes by which stone was transported to St. Petersburg are shown. Characteristic features of granite each of the deposits are described and the most famous buildings and monuments, the creation of which was used granite, these fields. Indicated, on which deposits extraction of stone is terminated, and where development continues. Illustrations allow to judge about continuity in use of granite as a building material, despite existence of varying architectural styles of different epochs. The report is prepared with the use of the program PowerPoint. The report is placed on 21 slides. Due to the possibilities of the program for animation of images achieved high visibility of the illustrative material. Wide possibilities of the program have allowed to transfer beauty and unique individuality of each type of a granite.
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Date submitted2001-09-12
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Date accepted2001-10-12
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Date published2002-04-01
The role of bog microbiota in changing the state and properties of sandy- argillaceous deposits (on the example of St. Petersburg)
- Authors:
- E. G. Zakharova
The influence of one of the important natural factors of St. Petersburg underground space (buried bogs and peat deposits) on the negative transformation of the underlying soils and the occurrence of a number of exogenous, including biochemical, processes and phenomena is considered. Such processes largely determine the safety of development and use of the underground space of the city. Particular attention is paid to the bog microflora, its number and diversity of physiological groups, as well as the total weight of the bacterial mass as a percentage. Under certain hydrodynamic conditions, bog microbiota migrate down the section on dispersed rock particles. There is a dramatic increase in bacterial mass in soils beneath buried bogs compared to unburied areas. Pollution of buried bogs by leaks from sewage systems leads to an increase in microbiological activity by 3-4 times. It is emphasized that buried bogs have a particularly negative impact on sandy sediments, which are often transformed into floats; clay soils go into quasiplastic state. Buried bogs lead to a real threat of methanogenesis, the formation of gas-mud emissions and increased gas saturation of rocks. When bog water is contaminated with sulfate, hydrogen sulfide is formed in the process of sulfate reductions. Swamp microflora forms a high degree of aggressiveness in relation to building materials.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-02
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Date published2002-04-01
Geochemical characteristics and types of gold occurrences in Finland and Karelia
- Authors:
- A. Sh. Karlos
The geochemical characteristics of numerous gold occurrences identified in the Baltic Shield are reviewed in order to typify them by geochemical data and to identify a group of elements whose anomalies can serve as indicators in the search for gold deposits, The data on the content of a wide range of chemical elements in ores and primary halos of 43 gold ore objects in Finland, as well as, for comparison, in some gold deposits of greenstone belts of Canada and Austria were used as baseline We also characterized two objects in Karelia: Mayskoe deposit and Alattu ore occurrence. The analysis of geochemical spectra has established the main indicator elements of Precambrian gold mineralization (An, As, Te, S, Bi, Ag, W, Cu, Sb, Se, Hg, U, CI, B, Sn, Mo, Pb, Zn). Five geochemical types of gold mineralization in the Baltic Shield have been identified according to the ratio of concentrations of the main gold satellites. The obtained results can be used in geochemical prospecting for gold in Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-04
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Date published2002-04-01
Numerical modeling of scattering halos of ocean hydrotherms
- Authors:
- N. A. Kasyankova
The formation of massive sulfide ores with enormous reserves of copper, zinc, gold, and other metals is associated with hydrothermal activity on the ocean floor at depths of 3 to 4 km. Hydrothermal solutions carry a mixture of heavy metal sulfides through the ocean floor, some of which are deposited near the hydrothermal source as various ore structures, while the main mass is dispersed by the bottom currents for tens of kilometers, forming halos of dispersion of ocean hydrotherms. Mapping of such halos is used to search for massive ores. Detailed study of hydrothermal scattering halos is complicated by the fact that it is necessary to investigate at a depth of more than 3 km. Mathematical modeling of hydrothermal halos can be used to obtain additional information, the results of which can be used to interpret the experimental data. The results of numerical calculations of hydrothermal source dispersion halos are in good agreement with the experimental data given in [3, 5].
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Date submitted2001-09-16
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Date accepted2001-10-13
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Date published2002-04-01
Computer modeling of ore formation processes
- Authors:
- M. V. Marasanova
An attempt is made to prepare a presentation for a visual reflection of the processes of magmatic ore formation, the dynamics of which are conveyed with the help of MS PowerPoint program. The classification of mechanisms of magmatic ore formation with their subdivision into processes of magma differentiation and concentration of isolated ore matter is carried out. Three mechanisms of magmatic differentiation (crystallization, liquation and distillation) and four mechanisms of ore matter concentration (gravitation, injection, explosion and flotation) are distinguished. The selected processes are modeled and illustrated by examples of the formation of specific deposits. The conditions of magmatic differentiation and concentration of ore matter processes, as well as the factors influencing the peculiarities of their manifestation are considered.
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Date submitted2001-09-09
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Date accepted2001-10-22
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Date published2002-04-01
Some environmental issues of natural waters in Novomoskovsk district of the Tula Region
- Authors:
- E. V. Ostrovskaya
The Novomoskovsk region belongs to the industrially developed region, the geological environment of which, including surface and ground waters, is subjected to technogenic impact. Negative impact on surface and underground hydrosphere has an intensive exploitation of aquifers of coal deposits, water leveling activities at mining enterprises, construction of water reservoirs on rivers, water pollution by wastes of chemical industries. Signs of chloride and sulfate pollution of surface and ground water are recorded in the area of the mining allotment of the Novomoskovskiy Azot brine field and the adjacent territory. According to environmental studies the source of chloride pollution in the south of the territory are strong brines spilled on the ground surface during accidents at the brine field; sulfate pollution is associated with industrial effluents of hypo enterprises. Monitoring of natural waters in the area of the mining allotment of the Novomoskovsk brine field and the Lubovsky water intake shows that the aquatic environment is currently in quasi-static equilibrium in relation to anthropogenic loads.
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Date submitted2001-09-27
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Date accepted2001-10-13
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Date published2002-04-01
Gold-sulfide mineralization of the Lemvinsk area (Polar Urals)
- Authors:
- M. V. Pavlova
A brief geological description of the Lemvinsk gold-bearing area is given. The mineralization is represented by a series of separate areas with elevated gold content (up to 21 g/t) and is confined to zones of silicification and development of quartz-calcite and albite-calcite veins. The ore zones are represented by gold-bearing sulfide mineralization (mainly pyrite-chalcopyrite-halenite-sphalerite composition). The results of mathematical processing of the spectral analysis of rocks and ore-bearing formations have led to the conclusion about the close association of gold and sulfide minerals, which may be the result of either the impurity nature of gold in sulfides (pyrite, galena or others) or synchronous formation of gold and sulfide minerals. On the basis of a detailed mineralogical study the sequence of mineral formation has been determined and several varieties of sulfide minerals have been established. The assumption of relation of the mineralization to the gold-quartz-sulfide formation of meta-morphogenic-hydrothermal type was made. The South Lemvinskoye and Podsnezhnozhnoye sections are characterized by relatively elevated gold concentrations.
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Date submitted2001-09-17
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Date accepted2001-10-28
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Date published2002-04-01
Gravity processes on the slopes of the Slavyanka river valley (in Pavlovsky Park)
- Authors:
- G. B. Pospekhov
Engineering and geological surveys were carried out on the slopes of the Slavyanka river valley as part of the reconstruction of the Pavlovsk state museum-reserve. The purpose of the works was to detect areas of gravitation processes, determine their extent and the degree of threat to the historical appearance of the park territory and architectural monuments. Peculiarities of the geological structure, terrain landscape and man-made influence predetermined the development on the slopes of the Slavyanka River of such gravitational processes as talus, mudslides, landslides, and, most likely, processes of surface and secular creep in the Cambrian clays. With further development, the gravitational slope processes on the territory of the park and in the immediate vicinity of the monuments can radically change the appearance of the park area and create a threat to the stability of many park structures.
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Date submitted2001-09-05
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Date accepted2001-10-09
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Date published2002-04-01
Holocene transgression of the Northwest Laptev Sea based on foraminifer complex analysis
- Authors:
- D. V. Roshchina
The aim of this work was to investigate and reconstruct paleogeorgraphic changes during the postglacial stage of the Laptev Sea development based on the temporal and spatial distribution of species composing the complexes of modern and Holocene foraminifers. These analyses were based on the study of samples from the bottom sampling column PS51/154-11, located in the upper part of the continental slope of the Laptev Sea. In this column, foraminifer complexes characterizing different stages of the Holocene transgression were identified. Fifteen samples were processed and more than 25 species were identified. The samples were transferred by A.S. Rudy (St. Petersburg Mining Institute). The processed collection is stored at the O.Yu. Schmidt Laboratory of Marine and Polar Research (OSHL). Technical sampling was performed by the author at the OSHL and at the Department of Geological Mapping of the All-Russian Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean. Micro-objects were sampled under an OLYMPUS SZX-9 binocular.
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Date submitted2001-09-01
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Date accepted2001-10-20
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Date published2002-04-01
Temporal and spatial variability of Au-Sb-W mineralization in the Verkhne-Yenashinskoye Ore Cluster (Yenisei Ridge, Siberia)
- Authors:
- A. A. Savichev
Multistage Au-Sb-W mineralization of the Verkhne-Yenashinskoye ore cluster is found in deposits and ore occurrences of endocontact granitoids (Vysokoye-2) near-exocontact (Olenye, Innokentievskoye) and far-exocontact (Olimpiada). There are five stages of ore mineralization (from early to late): quartz-wolframite-sulfide with quartz-wolframite and scheelite-sulfide mineral associations, gold-sulfide with scheelite-pyrrhotite and gold-arsenopyrite associations, polymetallic with sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite and ulmanite-pyrite associations, gold-sulfoantimonite with pyrrhotite-bertierite, gold-goodmundite-anshmo-nite and association of native elements; postdepositional carbonate, The arsenopyrite geothermometer determined the possible temperatures of arsenopyrite formation of different generations HV: 430±50, 335±60, 395+90, and less than 280°C. Mineralogical zoning of the knot, which consists in the change of high-temperature mineralization of early stages to low-temperature late stages as the distance from the granitoid intrusion is revealed. The presence of cobalt, nickel and mercury minerals in the polymetallic stage at the Olympiad deposit is due to its confinement to the junction of ore-controlling faults with the zone of the deep regional Tatarsky fault.
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Date submitted2001-09-21
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Date accepted2001-10-12
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Date published2002-04-01
Methodological aspects of modeling geo-filtration processes during flooding
- Authors:
- K. N. Shcherbich
The technique of hydro-geological forecasts of conditions of flooding of coal mines is considered. The urgency of this question is determined by mass flooding of mines in the main coal-mining areas, at which serious problems arise connected with ensuring of ecological and industrial safety of liquidation works. Hydrodynamic processes, developing at flooding of mines, are very specific, that defines necessity of additional analysis and perfection of existing numerical geofiltration models. Among methodological techniques, used in prognostic assessments of mine flooding conditions, special attention is given to methodology of solving so called test tasks, reflecting typical conditions of mine flooding. As an example, the results of numerical modeling, obtained for three tests, are offered. Recommendations on the application of numerical models under different hydrogeological conditions are developed.
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Date submitted2001-09-12
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Date accepted2001-10-29
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Date published2002-04-01
Ways to improve thin seam mining technology at Vorkutaugol mines
- Authors:
- V. A. Bykov
The analysis of the current state of thin seam mining technology in the mines of OAO Vorkutaugol has been performed. On the example of the Pyaty layer of the Vorkuta field, the main factors restraining the development of mining operations in thin seams have been identified, and proposals for improving the technology have been developed. The experience of applying the combine and plow technologies in the direction of the face moving both on the dip and on the strike is described. On the basis of the experience of mining the Pyaty layer it is shown that mining thin seams by long poles along the strike has a number of advantages compared to the mining along the dip. These advantages are connected with better loading of the waste coal on the conveyor, as well as more favorable mode of the longwall conveyor. It is also shown, that the preparation workings should be carried out with undermining of the seam ground to prevent excessive bending of the face conveyor transition section at the junction. It is concluded that the correct engineering analysis of the decisions on the choice of all technology elements can ensure a stable daily load on the thin seam face at the level of 1200 tons.
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Date submitted2001-09-26
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Date accepted2001-10-18
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Date published2002-04-01
Improving the efficiency of plowing systems when developing formations with unstable gripping wall
- Authors:
- V. P. Zubov
- S. V. Vasilev
- D. V. Pakhomov
A method for controlling the rock mass condition for the working faces using jetting units under unstable roof conditions has been developed. The necessity of increasing the rate of advance of the working face and the use of backfill of the mined-out space to ensure rock stability and uniform loading of the edge part of the formation has been proved. A formula for calculating the critical value of the filling mass suppression, which takes into account the caving step of the main roof, the loosening ratio, the thickness of the immediate roof rocks and can determine the compression properties of the filling mass by modern methods, taking into account the rate of advance of the face and the size of the squeeze zone, has been proposed. The proposed methodology substantiates an increase in the rate of face advance up to 4-6 m/day and the load on the working face by 30%.
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Date submitted2001-09-02
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Date accepted2001-10-05
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Date published2002-04-01
Geomechanical justification of parameters of the development system of a thick steep layer in the case of sub-stage hydraulic extraction
- Authors:
- V. P. Zubov
- A. A. Sidorenko
- E. V. Glushenkov
An analysis of the causes of accidents associated with dynamic collapses of the roof rocks in the development system with sub-stage hydraulic extraction in the mines of OAO Prokopievskugol has been carried out. The hypothesis about the mechanism of dangerous dynamic collapses of coal and roof rocks is put forward. It is concluded that, when determining the height of the subfloor, it is necessary to take into account the width of the pushback zone formed at the boundary of the clearing works. The influence of the main geological and mining-technical factors on the parameters of the squeezing zone was studied. It has been proven that the following factors have the greatest influence on the width of the squeezing zone: the depth of the mining works, the thickness of the mined seam, the strength of the coal. Recommendations for determining the height of the subfloor, providing safe working conditions for miners in the conditions of the hydro mine Tyrganskaya are developed. The method of mining subfloors with an increased height is proposed. For its implementation the size of the squeezing zone and the length of the working jet of the hydraulic gun is calculated and the position of the undestroyed coal zone is determined taking into account these parameters. Coal massif de-strengthening in this zone is made to exclude the coal pack hang-up by, for example, hydraulic fracturing or explosion of explosive charges. The economic effect of implementing the developed recommendations has been calculated.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-28
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Date published2002-04-01
Substantiation of the ascending order of mining deep horizons of the Severny mine of Kola MMCp
- Authors:
- O. V. Kovalev
- Yu. L. Minaev
- D. Yu. Minaev
The possibility of using the ascending order of mining deep horizons of the Zapolyarnoye deposit at the Severny mine of the Kola MMC instead of the currently used descending order of development system with sub-stage ore excavation and backfilling of the mined space with solid monolithic backfill is considered. It is proposed to switch to a two-stage development of chambers with the use of combined stowing in the ascending order of excavation within the entire field: solidifying monolithic stowing of the I stage chambers and rock stowing of the II stage chambers. Monolithic solid stowing serves as a retaining wall when excavating phase II chambers. Calculations according to the Coulomb theory allow us to consider the ratio of phase I and II chambers sizes equal to 1:7 to be expedient. Replacement of solid stowing with combined stowing, most of which is represented by rock, as well as transition to increased height of chambers will reduce the cost of extracted ore and improve the geomechanical situation in the host rocks.
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Date submitted2001-09-21
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Date accepted2001-10-04
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Date published2002-04-01
The choice and justification of methods for calculating the parameters of massif elements when dissolving salt in mining and geological conditions of mining domed deposits
- Authors:
- O. V. Kovalev
- S. P. Mozer
A brief characteristic of the Sol-Iletsk rock salt deposit is given and the main technological parameters of its mining are described. An analysis of various techniques for assessing the stability of underground dissolution chambers is performed, which showed that the use of such techniques in specific mining and geological conditions in the mining of domed deposits (by underground dissolution) does not adequately reflect the operating conditions of critical elements of the rock mass. Estimation of the stress-strain state of rocks may be done using numerical methods for solving mining-geotechnical problems: the boundary element methods, the finite element method, the finite difference method - also for mining-geological conditions of Sol-Iletsk field. Numerical solutions (based on the listed methods) quite objectively reflect the stress-strain state of salt massif in the vicinity of dissolution chambers. Modeling of technological parameters of rock salt mining by underground dissolution may be carried out by the dummy loadings method. Preliminary calculations by the mentioned method, carried out for the already worked out sections, give a rather high convergence of the calculated and observed results. The described method is implemented in the form of a computer program and will be used for further research.
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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-25
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Date published2002-04-01
Assessment of the risk of acidic water formation in the impact areas of mining and metallurgical enterprises
- Authors:
- M. A. Pashkevich
- M. V. Parshina
The technogenic load of enterprises of mining and mining and processing industries causing pollution of land and water resources and atmospheric air is assessed. Mining enterprises account for up to 80 percent of the volume of stockpiled wastes of all production complexes. Development of methods to assess the risk of impact of technogenic arrays on the environment is a very urgent problem, since it allows preventing or reducing the negative impact of technogenic arrays by targeted selection of the type and design of storage facilities for projected and existing enterprises, development of a set of measures to improve and rehabilitate disturbed lands. The analysis of landscape-geochemical situation formed under the influence of intensive technogenic load in the areas of waste storing was carried out, the processes of formation of halos and pollution flows were studied; the method of ecological hazard assessment of technogenic massifs was created, the method of economically expedient and safe storing of waste was developed.
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Date submitted2001-09-11
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Date accepted2001-10-25
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Date published2002-04-01
Development of methods for crossing the emission hazardous zones when excavating the third potash layer of the Starobinskoye deposit at full capacity
- Authors:
- Yu. G. Sirenko
- E. R. Kovalskii
Statistical analysis of the results of crossing by mining works of geological disturbances of dip trough type at PA Belaruskali has been performed. I.A. Odessky's theory on formation of dip troughs is considered and specified. On the basis of the basic method, used in the mines of the Association and the described theory of mound formation, the method of artificial initiation of coal and gas blowout in the longwall at excavation of the Third Potash Seam of Starobinskoye deposit at full capacity was developed. Parameters of the method are determined taking into account the geometric structure of the dipping trough. Immediately before the initiation of drilling and blasting operations a conductive channel is formed for salt and gas ejection into the mined-out space. For the given method, taking into account geological structure of the troughs and physical and mechanical properties of salt rocks, a standard BWR passport for artificial initiation of salt and gas ejection with limitation of the ejection intensity is calculated. According to the passport, the blasting is carried out with three deceleration stages, at that the central borehole is not charged. The results of calculations of parameters of works on initiation of sudden emissions in zones of geological disturbances are presented.
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Date submitted2001-09-16
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Date accepted2001-10-18
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Date published2002-04-01
Analytical calculation and testing of anchor support at Soligorsk mines
- Authors:
- Yu. G. Sirenko
- D. V. Pogrebenko
The anchoring system used in the Soligorsk mines of the Starobinsky potash salt deposit and a new anchoring method using a variable-diameter borehole have been tested in various mining and geological conditions. Intense tangential stresses perpendicular to the anchor axis cause displacement of the rock layers; the backlash produced by drilling a variable diameter borehole will allow the rock layers to move horizontally without breaking the anchor rod. Thus, the service life of the anchoring is planned to be doubled. In order to reduce the cost of anchoring of mine workings with screw anchors it is proposed to reduce the length of anchors from 1.8 to 1.5 meters. At the same time, threading is not performed along the entire length of the rod, but only for the length of its anchoring in stable rocks (0.43 m). The possibility of using the new method of anchoring with the proposed parameters is confirmed by analytical calculations.
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Date submitted2001-09-17
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Date accepted2001-10-13
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Date published2002-04-01
Determination of the optimal volume of technogenic reserves ready for excavation of a tailings dump on the basis of statistical data. Notes of the Mining Institute
- Authors:
- G. A. Kholodnyakov
- E. B. Gridina
The high profitability of open development of technogenic deposits is proved; on the basis of statistical data, the optimum volume of technogenic reserves ready for excavation of the tailings dump is established. When solving the problem set in the form of a statistical model, the analysis of random values with the conditional distribution function has been carried out and the solution regarding some a priori distribution of states of the mining and technical system minimizing the expected value of the loss function has been obtained. The necessity of increasing the accuracy, efficiency and reliability of design decisions in conditions of the market model of economy, the stochastic nature of the initial data is substantiated. It is shown that the development of man-made deposits at the achieved level of technology can become very cost-effective. On the basis of the Bayesian function, a general expression for the optimal amount of reserves accumulated in a technogenic deposit is obtained. The calculation is made on the example of raw materials accumulated in the tailings pond. The proposed methodology is applicable to technogenic deposits of any class.
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Date submitted2001-09-05
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Date accepted2001-10-14
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Date published2002-04-01
Justification of the boundaries of open pit mining at the iron ore deposit of Kurkenpakhk AO Olkon
Boundaries of open pits are the most important parameter of open-cast mining of deposits, methods of determination of which, unfortunately, are still not correct enough, which negatively affects the efficiency of open-cast mining. The Department of Open-Cast Mining and Rock Destruction conducts continuous research on the development and improvement of methods for establishing the final contours of pits, approving the results in the design studies of specific deposits. The last object of the research was the iron ore deposit Kurkenpakhk of AO Olkon, which is currently not exploited. In the course of the research there was a doubt in the expediency of using the traditional method of levelling the bottom of the pit. The authors propose a new method of levelling the bottom of the pit.
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-28
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Date published2002-04-01
Ways to solve the problem of soil pollution by liquid hydrocarbons in the territories of mining enterprises
- Authors:
- Yu. V. Shuvalov
- E. A. Ilina
At the present time, the problem of oil pollution of soils in the territory of mining enterprises by liquid hydrocarbons is one of the most pressing. The main results of the study of oil pollution halos at some oil product storage facilities in different natural and climatic regions of the Russian plate are presented. Studies have shown that to solve various environmental problems requires a synthesis of mechanical and biological methods of remediation of soils and natural waters. Biological methods consist in the introduction of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms in the form of biopreparations with the additional introduction of biogens into the treated soil. The most rational methods of remediation should be implemented at the industrial enterprises of the North with difficult geo-temperature conditions. The method of "in situ" bioremediation is the most advantageous from environmental and economic points of view. The construction of an in-situ bioreactor with preliminary thawing of frozen soils is based on solving thermodynamic problems. Preliminary estimates of the thawing radius for different time periods (without taking into account the latent heat of phase transition) have been obtained.
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Date submitted2001-09-13
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Date accepted2001-10-06
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Date published2002-04-01
Estimation and management of the risk of traumatism of workers in the mining industry
- Authors:
- Yu. V. Shuvalov
- N. V. Mikhailova
The analysis of the impact of environmental factors on the occupational injury rate of employees of mining enterprises of the North was carried out. A comprehensive "benchmark" method of injury risk assessment using a multiplicative model, which takes into account the superposition of the acting factors of different nature and at the same time is simple enough to be applied, has been proposed. The proposed approach makes it possible to move from a point risk assessment to a probabilistic one. The risk at the reference enterprise is supposed to be conditioned by objective factors that do not depend on the actions of personnel: the depth of work, the properties of the massif, fracturing, gas content, susceptibility bleedings, blowouts, dip angle, reservoir thickness. When calculating the risk for the real enterprise, it is supposed to take into account the effect of subjective factors.
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Date submitted2001-09-15
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Date accepted2001-10-08
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Date published2002-04-01
A generalized mathematical model of zinc-containing dust recycling in a Waelz kiln
- Authors:
- Yu. V. Shuvalov
- M. A. Smolin
Work was carried out to study the impact of ferrous metallurgy enterprises on the environment and to create a technology for the utilization of poor zinc-containing dusts. The choice of the Waelz process as a technology for utilization of poor zinc-containing dusts from blast-furnace, converter and open-hearth furnaces with regard to the conditions of OAO Severstal (Cherepovets) was made. The main goal of the work is to create a mathematical model of the process with subsequent evaluation of its adequacy by means of experimental installations. The model is planned to be used for choosing the optimal technological parameters of the process in the utilization of this type of material. A generalized mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in a Waelz kiln has been developed. The experimental evaluation of the adequacy of this mathematical model was conducted on the laboratory furnaces for drying pellets in fixed and rotating layers. The main directions of further research are defined.
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Date submitted2001-09-09
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Date accepted2001-10-19
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Date published2002-04-01
Technique for quantitative assessment of multifactorial anthropogenic impacts on freshwater ecosystems
- Authors:
- V. F. Shuiskii
- D. S. Petrov
Currently, various methods are used to assess anthropogenic changes in the environment, which have a number of drawbacks. A method for assessing anthropogenic impacts on watercourses that uses quantitative patterns of biota response to a multifactorial load is proposed. The main bioindicator of multicomponent impacts is macrozoobenthos. Quantitative effect of interaction of factors is accurately transferred by original isobolic model. The method allows to solve the following problems: to estimate precisely the state of biota, to single out the main limiting factors, to take into account their interaction correctly, as well as to forecast the general effect of impact reduction from the developed nature protection measures. The method has been tested in the study of various technogenic impacts on freshwater reservoirs in Russia.
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Date submitted2001-09-26
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Date accepted2001-10-12
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Date published2002-04-01
Assessment of damage to the ecosystem of the Luga Bay from the construction and operation of the product reloading unit of OAO Phosphorit
- Authors:
- V. F. Shuiskii
- T. A. Petrova
- T. V. Maksimova
The analysis of the modern normative-methodological basis for determining anthropogenic damage to hydro-ecosystems, which has many significant drawbacks, is given. An alternative method of quantitative assessment of anthropogenic successions of hydro-ecosystems and the damage caused to them, based on the analysis of environmental risk, is proposed. The main characteristics of ecosystems were studied, the background values of environmental risk and the size of environmental risk in value terms were determined, scenarios of probable damage from construction and operation of the object and the model of the tree of dangerous events and their consequences were developed. The zone of potential influence of the object on the water areas - the zone where the risk values exceed the background level was singled out; the comparative analysis of the expected damage in the presence of several design solutions was carried out. The optimal solution is the one leading to the minimum damage.
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Date submitted2001-09-16
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Date accepted2001-10-01
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Date published2002-04-01
A method for calculating the parameters of anchorage on the basis of solutions of spatial problems of the theory of elasticity
- Authors:
- I. Yu. Anisimov
A three-dimensional model of the rock mass, secured by anchor support, was created. The analysis of changes in the volumetric stress-strain state of the rock mass due to the installation of anchoring was carried out. On the basis of the spatial model, a method for calculating the parameters of bolting has been developed. Volumetric stress-strain state components were found from solving spatial problems of the theory of elasticity. The results of the study of stress distribution in the rock mass allowed us to identify areas with different degrees of hardening, to establish the boundaries of the unstrengthened zone and the area of softening. The following parameters are sequentially determined in the calculation: the stress state around a single anchor and the area of its influence; the number of mutually affecting anchors; the stress state caused by the tension of a system of mutually affecting anchors; the initial stress state around an unanchored work; the resulting stress field; hardening ratios in the anchored area; distribution of the hardening ratio; the hardening degree and effectiveness of the anchor support. Optimization of the parameters of bolting may result in a significant economic effect due to the increase of the lifetime of the workings and reduction of the costs of installing anchors.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-28
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Date published2002-04-01
Features of the formation of the stress-strain state of the structural elements of the St. Petersburg Metro station Prospekt Prosveshcheniya
- Authors:
- P. A. Demenkov
The task of full-scale studies was to observe the processes of expansion in the ends of reinforced concrete beams and the formation of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete and steel columns. The measurements were carried out with the help of string sensors of linear deformation (PLDS-400) and a portable digital periodometer (PCP-1). Long field observations (14 years) of the development of the stress-strain state of the column-carrier complex were carried out at the deep-filled column-type station. As a result of analyzing the obtained data, we concluded that the applied method of uncompressing the transoms with Freycinet jacks does not lead to the transition of their girder double-concrete operation into a single-jointed arch one. The regularities were revealed and the effect of technological processes (development of the upper vault, core and reverse vault) on the formation of the stress-strain state of the column-carrier complex was evaluated. The last measurement made at the end of 2001 showed that the process of stress and strain development over time continues to this day.
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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-19
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Date published2002-04-01
The impact of the energy of dynamic phenomena on the character of fracture of mine workings
- Authors:
- O. V. Kolosova
The analysis of the stability of mine workings is carried out, the features of disturbances of rocks stability in the contour zone of the massif depending on the type and energy of the dynamic phenomena, the nature of the distribution of dynamic stresses are determined. Energy classification of dynamic phenomena, showing the nature of the impact of dynamic phenomena on mine workings is compiled. Analysis of dynamic manifestations of rock pressure showed that during the dynamic phenomena of both types, the zone of rock mass disturbance significantly exceeds the size of the focal zone. Disintegration zones may occur around mine workings of deep mines. Formation of these zones around excavations in the ultimate massifs occurs as a result of static circumferential tangential stresses near the excavation contour and dynamic effects from rock bumps and mass explosions by brittle fracture and delamination of the contour massif.
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Date submitted2001-09-19
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Date accepted2001-10-08
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Date published2002-04-01
Geomechanical justification of stability of mine workings and wells in visco-plastic massifs
- Authors:
- N. S. Kononova
The viscous fluid flow model for estimating the stress-strain state of potassium salt in the bulk stress state at a sufficiently high level of acting stresses allows us to describe the behavior of salt massifs, in particular the process of flowing (contour convergence) of workings in the massif thickness over time. The stated solution is valid only for small displacements compared to the thickness of the rock layer. In addition, it is assumed that the layer thickness is much smaller than its transverse dimensions. In this case, the selected form of the current function gives a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The proposed method can be used for natural measurements of Poisson's ratio on rather thin layers of potassium salt in a volumetric stressed state with axial load exceeding 60 MPa or on targets with diameter to height ratio over 5 In this case, the behavior of potassium salt corresponds quite well to the viscous fluid model.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-14
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Date published2002-04-01
A study of the influence of diamond drill bit design parameters on its performance
- Authors:
- Mpezo Mavambo
It is known from the practice of diamond drilling that during drilling of hard fractured rocks of 1X-XP categories of drillability, the mechanism of their occurrence is explained by self-jamming of the core in the matrix ring and the drill bit body. As a rule, self-jamming of the core is associated with settling of large cuttings that, as they accumulate, overlap the annular gap between the cores and the inner wall of the core barrel and clog the flushing channels in the matrix. In such cases the normal circulation of the cleaning agent is disturbed, and in order to restore it the drilling tool has to be pulled away from the bottom hole. If this operation is not performed in time, there is a risk of burning the diamond core bit. If there are additional flushing channels in the body in case of core self-jamming, the cleaning agent continues to circulate through these channels, which prevents the tool from getting into a situation of increased wear or burning. In our opinion, it is especially reasonable to use such crowns in case of automated drilling process control; in this case the control algorithm and control over the drilling process in fractured rocks are simplified.
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-16
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Date published2002-04-01
The state of tree species of Pushkin
- Authors:
- A. M. Polochanina
- V. F. Kovyazin
The results of the autumn survey of the sanitary condition of green spaces in Pushkin are given. We studied pathogens of the main tree species on the main roads of the city: near the administration building (spruce), on Sofia Boulevard (European larch), Parkovaya Street (small-leaved lime), Moskovskaya Street (common ash) and Orangereynaya Street (European spruce, prickly spruce, lop birch, smooth elm, brittle willow, maple, small-leaved lime and common ash). No trunk pests or infections were found. All trees were found to be exposed to anthropogenic effects with age, causing stagheadedness, dryness, obvious signs of rot, and the appearance of galls. Trees growing near the carriageway have pronounced abnormality of crown development (lopsidedness) due to close location of asphalt pavement borders, there are mechanical damages formed in conditions of intensive vehicular traffic. The causative agents of the diseases are Swissia trutovica, false and sulfur-yellow. Measures to improve the condition of urban green spaces have been proposed: exclusion of car parking near trees, prohibition of snow dumping in the zone of tree growth, watering plantings in the dry season, treatment of mechanical damage, loosening the soil around trees with signs of crown desiccation, the introduction of organic fertilizers, removal of trees with sloping trunks and signs of trunk rot.
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Date submitted2001-09-17
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Date accepted2001-10-07
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Date published2002-04-01
The Role and significance of the Land Bank in the regulation of agricultural land turnover
- Authors:
- E. N. Potapkina
An analysis of the state of land legislation and the land market has been carried out. Considered some statistical materials on land prices in St. Petersburg. The huge role of the financial mechanism in the system of regulation and control of land relations and, as a consequence, the importance of the Land Bank in the regulation of land turnover. The functions and directions of the projected Land Bank, using Russian and foreign experience, have been developed. The main purpose of this bank should be to help the state in regulating the market system of land redistribution, its comosation, as well as in control, evaluation and mediation in the purchase and sale of land. By mediating, the bank will be able to exercise strict control over this process and keep the price of land stable, preventing it from cheapening or sharp price hikes.
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Date submitted2001-09-08
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Date accepted2001-10-16
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Date published2002-04-01
Features of the protection and maintenance of preparatory workings in the Eastern Donbass
- Authors:
- D. I. Raevskii
The need to use pillarless technology in the development of shallow coal seams by underground mining at depths greater than 500 m is dictated by the economic feasibility of reducing the cost of coal and reducing losses in the subsurface. Traditional pillarless methods of protection often do not satisfy the existing conditions or are used irrationally. The combination of rigid protective structures with slotting by means of hydraulic fracturing or micro-hydrotorpediting of roof rocks is, in our opinion, one of the promising directions of ensuring the operational condition of preparatory mine workings. Analysis of the modern state of the protection methods of preparatory mine workings used repeatedly is executed, protective actions for conditions of the Eastern Donbass, grounded by results of the study of the mechanism of change of the stress-deformation state around the mine working away of the adjacent faces are recommended.
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Date submitted2001-09-16
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Date accepted2001-10-29
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Date published2002-04-01
Development of methodology for appraisal of agricultural enterprise lands using the MAPINFO 60 geoinformation system
- Authors:
- A. L. Khankov
The methodology of soil fertility assessment in the software product Maplnfo 60 is developed. This assessment establishes the true suitability of land for cultivation of various crops and is associated with the assessment of not only productive properties of land, but also economic, which makes the problem urgent. As the initial data we used the plan of the agricultural enterprise and the results of soil sampling. By means of the geoinformation system (GIS) Maplnfo the GIS-project was created, which included the raster image, the results of the digital description of the objects and the semantic database. Spatial data analysis using Maplnfo tools was performed. Maps of farm roads, non-agricultural and agricultural land were created, as well as a composite general map of all lands of the enterprise. The average weighted scores of soil goodness by agricultural lands, by diagnostic features of soils and by yield of main crops were calculated, as well as the correlation dependence between the yield of soils and the content of nutrients in them was established. The developed method allows to carry out an assessment of soils taking into account more factors, it was possible so far, and can be used in scientific, practical and educational purposes.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-07
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Date published2002-04-01
Synchronous-synphase mode of operation of a vibrating jaw crusher with non-rigid mounting of vibrating exciters
- Authors:
- E. V. Shishkin
The dynamics of the modernized vibrating jaw crusher is investigated The distinctive feature of the improved dynamic scheme of the crusher from the traditional one is that the centers of rotation of the self-synchronizing vibrating exciters are set in the tops of the articulated rod parallelograms, but not on the jaws. One of the opposite ends of the neighboring rods is hinged to the cheek, and the other is connected to the frame by means of an additional torsion. It is shown that in such a machine the natural frequency of free vibrations of the supporting system can be significantly increased and the dynamic loads on the bearings, including the shock type, can be reduced. In addition, with increasing the distance between the axes of vibration exciters, the stability margin of the synchronous-synchronous mode of operation in the preresonant and overresonant frequency ranges increases, and there is a possibility of implementing this mode in the interresonant frequency range. Operating experience of the modernized crushers in Russia and abroad confirmed their effectiveness and stability in operation, which is a practical test of the developed theory.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-08
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Date published2002-04-01
Study of the coal cutting process as a thermo-mechanical
- Authors:
- A. V. Belyutin
The analysis of the modern view of the process of destruction of coal by cutters of mining machines is carried out. The purpose of the research is to study the compaction core and its impact on the cutting process. New factors that were not previously taken into account in the formulas describing the cutting process are outlined. A hypothesis is formulated that qualitatively reveals in a new way the process of compaction core formation, its impact on the cutting process and differentiation of the zone structure of the core during its formation. The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the dependence of the densification core viscosity on the core temperature at a given pressure are described. The tasks for further research are formulated.
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Date submitted2001-09-29
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Date accepted2001-10-19
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Date published2002-04-01
Study of the relationship between the process of discretization of coal during mining and electromagnetic emissions in the face
- Authors:
- V. E. Bolshakov
The analysis of existing methods for assessing the state of the coal massif by the character of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is made. The hypothesis of greater informativity of an electromagnetic flux, than currently assumed, is put forward. The results of a series of laboratory experiments on the study of EMR as a flow of information on the destruction of the coal massif by cutting at different values of the parameters of the external electromagnetic fields, the characteristics of the removed chips can be used to assess the real state of the bottom-hole part of the massif, which will contribute to improving the efficiency of mining operations by operational control of the modes of excavation machines.
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Date submitted2001-09-29
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Date accepted2001-10-11
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Date published2002-04-01
Transformer ratio control of power transformers
- Authors:
- M. M. Voloshkin
The work is devoted to the problems of voltage mode regulation of electrical installations at the enterprises of mining industry. The method of voltage mode regulation by means of automatic change of power transformer transformation ratio under load (RAP) at voltage deviation from the rational level and technical means of regulation and their design are considered. A block diagram of a voltage mode regulating device is given. An algorithm for the decision making by the regulating device for the issuance of control action to regulate the voltage in the automatic control unit is developed. A diagram showing the dependence of the lifetime of contacts from the load current of one of the ABB tap changers, as well as daily graphs of voltage on the buses of substations before and after the introduction of automatic regulation is presented.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-28
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Date published2002-04-01
Microprocessor-based vector control system for asynchronous AC traction drive using fuzzy logic
- Authors:
- B. V. Zherebkin
The features to be taken into account when building control systems of traction electric drives are specified. The expediency of application of fuzzy logic apparatus in vector control systems for asynchronous traction electric drive has been substantiated. Transformation of clear observable quantities of a control object into the categories of fuzzy logic is done. The example of one of the possible ways of building the system of vector control of asynchronous traction electric drive with fuzzy control is given. A variant of microprocessor control system of asynchronous electric drive with frequency converter on the basis of IGBT-transistor modules is offered. In MATLAB environment the vector principle of control with the use of fuzzy logic apparatus is realized. The obtained result allows you to conclude the feasibility of its use in the control of traction electric drives.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-17
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Date published2002-04-01
Impact of drive properties on excavation machine loads
- Authors:
- D. A. Zadkov
The impact of drive properties on excavation machine loads is analyzed in order to find the most effective way to separate the coal from the massif. Disadvantages of traditional excavation machines with rotary actuator are revealed. The purpose of the research is to determine the nature of changes in forces and cutting speed when changing the properties of the drive. On the basis of kinetic theory of brittle massifs fracture the hypothesis about the possibility of changing the nature of the cutting process by changing the properties of the drive is put forward. A physical model for experimental research is proposed and the first results of the experiments are presented.
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Date submitted2001-09-04
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Date accepted2001-10-01
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Date published2002-04-01
Forecasting the service life of loading and unloading machine elements on the basis of determining their operational load
- Authors:
- A. A. Kuleshov
- E. A. Grigorev
The principles of determining the service life of elements of loading and delivery machines (PDM), more fully taking into account their operating conditions, have been proposed. Emphasis is put not on formation of an array of statistical data on reliability, but on analysis of loading of elements under specific operating conditions. As experience of PM operation shows, in recommendations of manufacturers on maintenance and repair (M&R) of machines, operating conditions are taken into account insufficiently. One of the indicators, evaluating efficiency of use of mining equipment is its resource. Resource characteristics of elements of machinery determine parameters of O&R system. On a choice of technique of definition of these characteristics directly depends reliability of machinery. Application of the proposed principles will allow to adjust parameters of maintenance and repair system on the basis of processing of a small number of statistical data.
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Date submitted2001-09-08
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Date accepted2001-10-15
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Date published2002-04-01
Mathematical model of a flexible pipeline for lifting minerals from the seabed surface
- Authors:
- B. S. Makhovikov
- M. L. Kabanov
A mathematical model is presented describing the configuration of flexible pipeline routes for a hydraulic mining complex for lifting ferromanganese and other nodules, as well as polymetallic sands, silt and crushed crustal formations from the surface of the seabed. The pipeline connects the subsea mining machine with the slurry receiver on the base vessel. The proposed model is based on the chain-link equation and describes the configuration of flexible, articulated pipeline routes over a wide range of distances between the base vessel and the mining machine. For the first time possible variants of chain line defining marginal boundaries of flexible pipeline location with positive buoyancy are constructed by analytical solution according to coordinate values. On the basis of the obtained results the peculiarities of mechanics of behavior of positive buoyancy flexible pipeline under its own load have been determined.
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Date submitted2001-09-29
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Date accepted2001-10-08
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Date published2002-04-01
Pressure losses during hydraulic transport of slurries, taking into account interfacial slip
- Authors:
- E. Yu. Meryasheva
The results of the analysis of methods for calculating the parameters of hydraulic transporting polydisperse slurries containing particles of different sizes, which predetermines significant difficulties in selecting the critical flow rate and determining the corresponding head losses, are presented. To a large extent, the parameters of hydraulic conveying of slurries depend on the value of the relative flow velocity of solid and liquid phases. One of the calculation methods is grapho-analytical, based on the results of experimental studies of the process and theoretical regularities. It is proposed to calculate the head loss during hydraulic transportation of heterogeneous materials using Mohlerus-Wellman nomograms, obtained experimentally for the relative flow velocity of the two-phase polydisperse slurry.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-24
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Date published2002-04-01
Microprocessor control system for an integrated conveyor line
- Authors:
- A. S. Simakov
- B. B. Bragin
The problems of automated control of continuous rock mass transportation systems based on the use of microprocessor technology are considered. The main tasks and technical solutions for automation of automated control systems (ACS) are presented. The structure of such systems is described, the issues of reliability and prospects of using ACS in controlling conveyor lines are investigated, advantages and disadvantages of existing conveyor control systems are indicated. It is offered to increase control efficiency by means of creation of the distributed ACS of the conveyor line, consisting of several microcontrollers (MC) in ACS, controlling each of the industrial mechanism, but subordinated to the main MC, the functional diagram of one of such systems and the algorithm of its functioning is resulted.
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Date submitted2001-09-22
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Date accepted2001-10-06
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Date published2002-04-01
Ferroresonance phenomena in transformer-capacitor compensators of combined action
- Authors:
- O. B. Shonin
- E. A. Boitsova
Features of ferroresonance oscillations and methods of their elimination are considered on the example of transformer-capacitor system of longitudinal and transverse compensation used in power circuits of powerful electric motors, in power supply systems of ore-thermal and arc steelmaking furnaces. Based on the solution of Duffing's equation, the influence of current amplitude and system attenuation coefficient on the operating mode of transformer-capacitor has been determined. The stability area of the basic type of oscillations has been evaluated. It was found the existence of subharmonic oscillations and the influence of not only the amplitude but also the source phase on the appearance of anomalous modes caused by the relay effect and the phenomenon of self-modulation was revealed. It is shown that the elimination of ferroresonant oscillations is connected with maintenance of a magnetic circuit mode close to linear and with a choice of a damping coefficient from the condition of the maximum permissible value of the active resistance introduced into a line.
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Date submitted2001-09-27
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Date accepted2001-10-19
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Date published2002-04-01
Identification of parameters of the fuzzy control system of the gas mode of a horizontal converter
- Authors:
- A. S. Anashkin
To increase utilization of sulfur dioxide generated during blowing of copper-nickel matte in horizontal converters, a system of automatic control of gas mode of converter process was developed. The system consists of three hierarchy levels: at the lower level, the tasks of stabilization of technological parameters of matte conversion process determining gas mode of the unit are solved; at the middle level, the optimization of gas mode of individual converters is carried out in order to reduce gas emissions into the shop; at the upper, level the control of redistribution of gas flows of converters of the smelting shop in order to supply gases with maximum sulfur dioxide content to sulfuric acid production, the method of fuzzy system parameter identification is presented.
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Date submitted2001-09-10
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Date accepted2001-10-16
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Date published2002-04-01
Impact of roasting and leaching on changes in the phase composition of the main components of copper electrolyte slurry
- Authors:
- A. Ya. Boduen
Medelectrolyte sludge is the main concentrator of rare and noble metals, the processing efficiency of which is determined by the depth of extraction of valuable components. The final operation of sludge processing is smelting for gold-silver alloy. According to the industrial practice, smelting leads to 05-07% of gold, 4-5% of silver and 30% of tellurium in the circulating dust, slag and scrap, which are utilized in the own production and accompanied by loss of noble and rare metals. The aim of the present study is to increase the recovery of gold-silver alloy smelting exclusion. The phase analysis of the main components of copper electrolyte slurry using chemical and X-ray microanalysis was carried out. The influence of the oxidation roasting temperature on the ratio of the phase components of the slurry has been established. It has been shown that silver in the sludge cinder is present in three forms sulfate, chloride and in the metallic form. The concentration of silver sulfate increases with increasing firing temperature, the process of silver sulfatization occurs due to lead sulfate present in the slime. On the basis of the obtained information the ways of creation of hydrometallurgical technology of sludge processing are outlined.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-21
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Date published2002-04-01
On the mechanism of hydrolysis of aluminate solutions in the process of carbonization
- Authors:
- V. I. Davydov
Currently, aluminum smelters are in demand for alumina of a higher physical quality. Therefore, many studies are aimed at obtaining sand alumina. The method of obtaining sand alumina proposed by the St. Petersburg Mining Institute and the process of alumina structure formation are considered. Much attention is paid to the induction period of the carbonization process, since the formation of the structure of coarse-grained hydroxide occurs precisely in this period. An analysis of the relationship between the induction period during carbonization and the structure of the future main phase released from the aluminate solution during mass crystallization, the mechanism of the induction period in the carbonization process is given. The proposed method of alumina production is at the stage of scientific research and is not yet ready for implementation.
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Date submitted2001-09-20
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Date accepted2001-10-27
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Date published2002-04-01
Development and research of a method for separating nickel and copper in solutions
- Authors:
- P. N. Devyatkin
The method of nickel and copper separation in the processing of wastewater containing nickel and copper trace elements has been developed and investigated. The method provides collective foam flotation extraction of nickel and copper by naphthenic acid solution in kerosene with subsequent selective re-extraction of nickel from the obtained organic phase of the foam product. The optimum conditions for selective re-extraction were determined: temperature 70 °C and pH = 375-425 Under these conditions the partition coefficient of nickel and copper reaches 140-145, which makes it possible to obtain after crystallization commercial nickel sulfate corresponding to the copper content in grade Ch of GOST 4465-74.
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Date submitted2001-09-14
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Date accepted2001-10-10
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Date published2002-04-01
Assessment of energy performance of copper-nickel electric smelting during the transition to a new type of feed materials
- Authors:
- E. V. Kalyukina
Due to the upcoming change in the composition of raw materials processed in the smelting furnaces of Pechenganickel Plant (OJSC Kola MMC), i.e. the transition to smelting of unburnt briquetted flotation concentrate, the specific electricity consumption for smelting was assessed. For this purpose, the indicators of electric furnaces of the smelting shop for 20 years with different charge compositions were processed by the method of correlation and regression analysis. It is established that the main factors determining specific electric power consumption are iron content in slag and matte and electric load of furnaces. A regression equation has been obtained that makes it possible to calculate the electric power consumption for melting for new charge compositions. For briquettes, the expected specific consumption is about 800 kW per 1 ton of metal-containing solid charge.
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Date submitted2001-09-11
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Date accepted2001-10-28
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Date published2002-04-01
Formation of an active receivables management policy at a mining enterprise (on the example of OAO Olkon)
- Authors:
- A. M. Vdovichenko
- V. V. Vinogradova
The possibility of active management of accounts receivable at the mining enterprise is investigated. A detailed analysis of current assets, the ranking of debtors based on the calculation of the optimal term of repayment of their debts and the development of various approaches to the management of accounts receivable of different groups was made. The formula modified by the author for the conditions of an industrial enterprise was used to calculate the optimal term of repayment of debts by the debtor. The mechanism leading to the reduction of receivables of the third group, i.e. with the repayment period significantly exceeding the average has been developed. This mechanism can be used, first of all, for settlements with budgetary organizations-debtors, when it is extremely difficult to collect debts by other means. The economic efficiency of the proposed mechanism has been evaluated. The transition from passive to active management of receivables is considered an important factor in increasing the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise and increasing the efficiency of its activities.
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Date submitted2001-09-13
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Date accepted2001-10-22
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Date published2002-04-01
Production sharing agreement as a mechanism to increase investment activity in the oil and gas complex of Russia
- Authors:
- V. N. Volovich
- M. A. Lazarenko
The analysis of the investment climate in the oil and gas industry of Russia, the role and place of the oil and gas complex in the economy of the Russian Federation was performed; the drawbacks of the existing mechanisms of investment attraction were revealed and the mechanisms to improve the investment climate in the oil and gas industry were justified: the possibilities of attracting investments through the implementation of a production sharing agreement were shown; positive and negative effects of projects implementation based on a production sharing agreement were established. The long-term perspective of impact of investments attracted on the basis of implementation of the production sharing agreement on the economy of the Russian Federation was assessed.
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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-26
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Date published2002-04-01
The problem of implementing the concept of sustainable development in subsoil use
- Authors:
- N. G. Ershova
Criteria of the concept of sustainable development in the sphere of subsoil use are the preservation and improvement of the quality of the natural environment, achievement of a certain quality of life of the population, increasing the efficiency of environmental management. The investment base of the region was taken as the main object of the study, which is explained by its key importance for the process of development of mineral and raw material resources. The implementation of the concept of sustainable development of the economic system involves the creation of built-in mechanisms of stabilization, providing sustainable economic growth in the future. Such "stabilizer" can be financial resources of the Trust, formed at the expense of deductions of subjects of natural resource use from natural rent. It is proposed to calculate the size of the mountain rent as the balance of monetary funds generated in the process of field development. Calculation of cash flow forecast on a conditional example is given.
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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-01
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Date published2002-04-01
Payment system for subsoil use
- Authors:
- L. I. Iseeva
- I. S. Proshchenkova
Payments for natural resources, taxes, and excise duties are the most important instruments of economic regulation of relations between entrepreneurs, the state, and society. Since January 1, 2002, the law "On the tax on the extraction of minerals" adopted by the State Duma on July 13, 2001 came into force. The analysis of the changes adopted in the framework of this law and its main drawbacks are indicated in the work. Two principally different methods of determination of the mining rent are considered. The replacement of "mining" taxes and excise duties by the mining rent and payment system is proposed. Several variants of quantitative determination of differential mountain rent (natural-value, on the basis of bank interest rate) and methods of its distribution are described (complete or partial withdrawal in favor of the owner; organization of branch rent fund, the funds of which should be used for financial support of enterprises; establishment of Federal Natural Resources Bank of Russia).
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-16
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Date published2002-04-01
New technologies in the oil industry
- Authors:
- N. Yu. Kirsanova
Russia has developed a predominantly raw-material way of industry and economy, respectively, the infrastructure and production potential are focused primarily on the basic industries, i.e. extraction, processing and further processing of mineral resources. Stabilization of the volume of oil and gas production is the basis of the sustainable development of the country. The oil industry has an arsenal of technologies, completion and mass application of which on the scale of the industry will be able to radically improve the efficiency of oil reserves development. These include the development of deposits by a system of horizontal and horizontal-branch wells, different types of hydraulic fracturing, physical and chemical, thermal, vibration and vibroseismic methods, etc. An analysis of the results of the application of new technologies in almost all oil producing regions of the country is presented.
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Date submitted2001-09-21
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Date accepted2001-10-17
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Date published2002-04-01
The role of the system of material incentives in increasing the efficiency of production in OAO Vorkutaugol
- Authors:
- N. Ya. Lobanov
- D. A. Savinov
The issues of development of the system of material stimulation of employees of OAO Vorkutaugol in terms of achievement of strategic goals of the association are reflected, motivational processes and their influence on provision of effective stimulation are considered. It is pointed out that the level of labor remuneration costs is at the junction of interests of an enterprise and an employee. The acceptable level of company expenses on stimulation should exceed the expenses of worker on performance of labor activity, providing his motivation. In order to develop an effective system of remuneration of labor of OAO Vorkutaugol it is necessary to outline a clear development strategy. Determination of the stage of life cycle, where the enterprise is located, seems to be of primary importance. Attention is also paid to establishment of variable and constant parts of employee's earnings depending on his readiness to take risks for the sake of enterprise's strategy and increase of efficiency of production and sales of coal products.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-07
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Date published2002-04-01
The reproductive function of wages as the basis of material incentives for employees
- Authors:
- A. V. Markov
In the conditions of transition to market relations, when the economy of Russia is in an unstable condition, in our opinion, it is necessary to use all economic tools which promote increase of efficiency of production at the enterprises of the country. Among these tools one of the most important is the stimulation of labor in production. The article considers reproductive, stimulating and regulating functions of wages and shows the relationship between stimulating and reproductive functions. The necessity to increase wages of workers regardless of the form of ownership of the enterprises where they work is theoretically substantiated, the analysis of the current state of wages in the Russian Federation is given.
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Date submitted2001-09-28
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Date accepted2001-10-15
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Date published2002-04-01
World nickel market forecasts
- Authors:
- D. V. Moskovkin
Nickel is one of the metals whose production and consumption are used to judge a country's level of development. Nickel consumption is largely diversified by region. The greatest demand for the metal is in industries focused on the production of consumer goods and construction materials, as well as in the chemical industry and automotive industry. The market of non-ferrous metals, including nickel, is very unstable and if we analyze the price dynamics for the pure metal, we can conclude that the dynamics is negative and there is a high price dispersion (volatility) of nickel. According to the latest forecasts of foreign experts, the expected growth of the world economy will result in growth of demand for stainless steel, production of which absorbs up to two thirds of the world nickel supplies, thus resulting in growth of nickel prices. At the same time, the high volatility of the global nickel market makes it impossible to reliably forecast the future trends of its development.
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Date submitted2001-09-09
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Date accepted2001-10-22
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Date published2002-04-01
Development of a methodology for assessing the restructuring of a subsidiary of an oil holding company
- Authors:
- A. V. Petrov
Under market conditions, improvement of the management system has become a key element in the development of any oil company. The management technology of a large subsidiary cannot be purchased off-the-shelf, but can only be gradually improved. Therefore, the management of the subsidiary structure and the parent company needs to assess the changes carried out. The methodology for assessing the effectiveness of restructuring is considered on the example of changing the organizational structure of a subsidiary, because the problem of manageability is most significant for companies in the oil industry due to the scale of their activities. The proposed methodology can be used to justify the feasibility of investment decisions and increase the "transparency" of the company's management.
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Date submitted2001-09-19
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Date accepted2001-10-05
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Date published2002-04-01
Analysis of the main economic indicators of China's coal mining complexes
- Authors:
- E. A. Soloveva
- Li Li
The analysis of the current state of the coal industry in China has been carried out. The basic economic indicators of activity of coal-mining complexes, located in the central region of China, which are the main source of energy resources in the country, are estimated. The basic qualitative indicators of work of enterprises of the coal industry are investigated: level of use of the basic production funds, labour productivity, profitability, specific indicators of profit. Priority directions of economic policy on increase of efficiency of coal-mining complexes of the central region of China were substantiated. It is specified that in the conditions of decrease in domestic demand for coal, it is necessary to develop production of alternative energy sources, to carry out diversification of production, to increase labor productivity, to reduce the number of employees in coal industry and to introduce advanced technologies.
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-18
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Date published2002-04-01
Methods of accounting for inflation
- Authors:
- T. A. Tarabarinova
- E. V. Polyakova
The article considers a number of problems associated with accounting and reporting under inflation conditions. The necessity of reflection of inflationary processes in accounting is substantiated, methods of bringing data for different periods of time into a comparable form and methods of revaluation of assets and liabilities items of the balance sheet by the inflation level used in the world practice are described. Particular attention is paid to accounting models in constant prices, current prices and the combined method. Possibilities of application of these methods under certain conditions are evaluated. The methods of adjusting the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement, provided by the current international standards of financial reporting, are disclosed. An analysis is given of domestic experience in reflecting inflation in accounting in comparison with the practice of revaluation in other countries, in particular the main methods of revaluation of balance sheet items used in Russia. The principles of inflation accounting in our country at the present stage are formulated, their efficiency is evaluated.
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-15
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Date published2002-04-01
Organizational, technical and economic prerequisites for the production of iron powders and new magnetically hard materials in deep processing of Olenegorsk iron ores
- Authors:
- V. A. Fedoseev
- A. V. Gustov
The main prerequisites for organizing the production of strontium ferrite powders and new magnetically hard materials in the process of deep enrichment of Olenegorsk iron ores and the processing of the obtained superconcentrate are presented. Justification of organizational and technical solutions for rational use of production potential of OAO Olkon, formation and development on its basis of a new industry - powder metallurgy - is given. The tendency of increasing demand on the world market for iron powders and new ferrite hard magnetic materials and increase in their production, especially in economically developed countries, has been established. Forecast of production and consumption of iron powders and strontium ferrite magnets in Russia taking into account the forthcoming reforming and technical re-equipment of some branches of the national industry. The order of implementation of the program to expand the production of iron powders at OAO Olkon has been established.
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Date submitted2001-09-09
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Date accepted2001-10-21
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Date published2002-04-01
Позиции евро на международном валютном рынке
- Authors:
- R. A. Belyakov
The article assesses the changes in the social and economic life of the European Union, which were caused by the introduction of the new collective currency - the euro in cash circulation in the countries of the union. It also presents the data of the German Bank and the Central European Bank on the situation of the euro on the international currency market. The article analyzes the statements of the leading politicians and economists on the future of the euro, on the process of transition to the new currency and the ways of strengthening its stability. The results of sociological surveys and marketing research conducted in most EU countries, as well as positive and negative trends related to the introduction of the new currency are considered.
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Date submitted2001-09-29
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Date accepted2001-10-30
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Date published2002-04-01
Current environmental problems in the light of synergetics
- Authors:
- E. A. Ilina
At present, the irrational use of natural resources and the ever-increasing technogenic impact on the environment lead to numerous ecological disaster zones and disasters. Philosophical judgments and methods of synergetics allow us to study environmental problems at a deeper level: a) to understand the processes of self-organization of systems, features of bifurcations and dissipative structures; b) to formulate the causes of past environmental crises and calculate the probability of their recurrence. Synthesis of methods of physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics and other sciences allows, in the light of synergetics, to apply models of catastrophe theory to solve various ecological problems. The expansion and deepening of the zone of anthropogenic impact on the environment leads to the formation of a new ecosystem with the latest properties and characteristics. The article shows the relationship between systems with different degrees of equilibrium and formulates the potential causes of the next global ecological crisis of the planet.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-26
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Date published2002-04-01
Veps folk customs, rituals and holidays as a reflection of everyday life history
- Authors:
- O. E. Kambarova
The article deals with the problems of Veps identity: its similarity and difference with the culture of neighboring nations. There are bright examples of some Veps rites and holidays. The past 20th century became an epoch of disappearance of small nations cultures. However, today some of them are trying to revive lost traditions, customs, holidays and other aspects of traditional way of life customary for their ancestors. That is why a thorough study of the stated theme seems important and relevant. The work is based on different information about the history of Vepsian culture: personal observations, materials from funds of Pikalevsky local lore museum, ethnographical publications and etc. Today it is very difficult or even impossible to see traditional Vepsian holidays and rituals.
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-09
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Date published2002-04-01
Economic market culture in Russia: the difficulties of formation in the modern period
- Authors:
- E. G. Katysheva
The process of transition to a market economy in Russia was accompanied by serious economic, political, and social problems. People's personality traits corresponded to the totalitarian system, and therefore it was difficult for them to break the usual social traditions, stereotypes, and attitudes. Passivity was characteristic of the consciousness of the masses. The departure from socialism was possible only when the population adapted to the new market conditions and a new economic culture was developed. Economic culture determines the values and interests of people in their economic activities. Russian society is faced with a deficit of economic culture, expressed in a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of market economy; this explains the "savagery" of the Russian market. The economic culture of society forms a social mechanism that determines the nature of the economy of the country.
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Date submitted2001-09-16
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Date accepted2001-10-26
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Date published2002-04-01
Cosmological models of the Universe: theories and facts
- Authors:
- L. V. Serov
Outlines ideas about the universe that have been formed throughout human history. Any cognitive process can be viewed from the perspective of two components: theories and facts. A theory is a product of the human mind, while facts are taken as given and either confirm or refute theoretical assumptions. At the dawn of mankind, ideas about the universe were based only on sensory experience. In ancient times, people had already accumulated enough knowledge and their cosmological models were more realistic, but still idealized. Today's researchers draw on an enormous amount of scientific experience and create powerful theories based on verified facts and advances in the exact sciences. But will today's ideas about the world remain as provable for generations to come? It is difficult to give a definite answer, but one thing is clear: modern theory can answer many questions concerning the evolution of the universe and is flexible and promising enough to be developed and supplemented in the future.
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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-12
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Date published2002-04-01
"Ratio Studiorum” and the paradoxes of Jesuit education
- Authors:
- D. V. Shmonin
The Jesuit order (Societatis de Jesu), founded in 1534, is one of the most famous monastic associations of the Catholic Church. The Jesuits influenced the development of New European philosophy, from Descartes to Wolff to Kant, and significantly shaped the intellectual and spiritual culture of the New Age. The aim of this article is to analyze an important episode in the activities of the Order during the second half of the 16th century, aimed at the formation and development of a unique pedagogical system, which caused an avalanche-like increase in the number of the educational institutions of the Order in Europe. The theoretical expression of the Jesuits' pedagogical thought was the Order's "School Statute" ("Ratio Studiorum", 1599), which included curricula and detailed instructions for heads and teachers of different subjects and types of educational institutions. This was the first educational reform in the history of Europe. The Jesuit educational system was extremely successful because it emphasized the formation of a spiritual elite in all strata of society. At the same time, the real paradox of Jesuit education should be considered the temporary nature of its success. Already by the middle of the seventeenth century the Jesuit system was losing its mobility, its pioneering character, and its humanistic spirit. This is confirmed by the opinions of Voltaire and other famous pupils of the order's schools.