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Date submitted2024-09-09
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Date accepted2024-11-05
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Date published2024-11-12
Acoustic emission criteria for analyzing the process of rock destruction and evaluating the formation of fractured reservoirs at great depths
In order to study the mechanism of destruction of rocks of various genesis and the formation of fractured reservoirs at great depths, laboratory studies of rock samples in the loading conditions of comprehensive pressure with registration of acoustic emission (AE) and parameters of the process of changing the strength and deformation properties of samples were carried out. The spatial distributions of the hypocenters of AE events for each sample were investigated. By the nature of the distributions, the fracture geometry is described, then visually compared with the position of the formed macrofractures in the samples as a result of the tests. The time trends of the amplitude distribution b, set by the Guttenberg – Richter law, were calculated, which were compared with the loading curves and trends of the calculated AE activity. Based on the analysis of the AE process for three types of rocks – igneous (urtites), metamorphic (apatite-nepheline ores), and sedimentary (limestones) – parameterization of acoustic emission was carried out to determine the features of the deformation process and related dilatancy. As a result, three types of destruction of samples were identified, their geometry and changes in strength and seismic criteria were established.
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Date submitted2024-06-12
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Date accepted2024-07-18
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Date published2025-04-25
Development of parameters for an industry-specific methodology for calculating the electric energy storage system for gas industry facilities
- Authors:
- Ivan S. Tokarev
The issue of determining the main parameters of electric energy storage systems – power and energy intensity – is being considered, the determination of which is a fundamentally important task when introducing such devices into the power supply systems of enterprises for both technical (technological) and economic reasons. The work analyzes problems that can be solved by installing electricity storage systems at gas industry facilities. An industry-wide methodology has been developed for calculating the parameters of an electricity storage system based on traditional methods and methods aimed at minimizing the standardized cost of electricity with adaptation to the conditions of the gas industry. A distinctive feature of the presented methodology is the ability to determine the power and energy intensity of electricity storage systems when performing several functions. The methodology was tested at a typical gas industry facility – the Yarynskaya compressor station of OOO Gazprom Transgaz Ukhta, a characteristic feature of which is an autonomous power supply system. An example is given of calculating the electricity storage normalized cost using an improved LCOS indicator, which takes into account the effect of changing the fill factor of the electrical load schedule on the amount of gas consumption by a power plant for its own needs. To confirm the economic efficiency of introducing electricity storage systems calculated using the above methodology, calculations of the integral effect, net present value and efficiency index are presented.
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Date submitted2023-08-14
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Date accepted2023-12-27
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Date published2024-12-25
Modelling of compositional gradient for reservoir fluid in a gas condensate deposit with account for scattered liquid hydrocarbons
In oil and gas reservoirs with significant hydrocarbon columns the dependency of the initial hydrocarbon composition on depth – the compositional gradient – is an important factor in assessing the initial amounts of components in place, the position of the gas-oil contact, and variations of fluid properties throughout the reservoir volume. Known models of the compositional gradient are based on thermodynamic relations assuming a quasi-equilibrium state of a multi-component hydrodynamically connected hydrocarbon system in the gravity field, taking into account the influence of the natural geothermal gradient. The corresponding algorithms allow for calculation of changes in pressure and hydrocarbon fluid composition with depth, including determination of the gas-oil contact (GOC) position. Above and below the GOC, the fluid state is considered single-phase. Many oil-gas-condensate reservoirs typically have a small initial fraction of the liquid hydrocarbon phase (LHC) – scattered oil – within the gas-saturated part of the reservoir. To account for this phenomenon, a special modification of the thermodynamic model has been proposed, and an algorithm for calculating the compositional gradient in a gas condensate reservoir with the presence of LHC has been implemented. Simulation cases modelling the characteristic compositions and conditions of three real oil-gas-condensate fields are considered. The results of the calculations using the proposed algorithm show peculiarities of variations of the LHC content and its impact on the distribution of gas condensate mixture composition with depth. The presence of LHC leads to an increase in the level and possible change in the type of the fluid contact. The character of the LHC fraction dependency on depth can be different and is governed by the dissolution of light components in the saturated liquid phase. The composition of the LHC in the gas condensate part of the reservoir changes with depth differently than in the oil zone, where the liquid phase is undersaturated with light hydrocarbons. The results of the study are significant for assessing initial amounts of hydrocarbon components and potential efficiency of their recovery in gas condensate and oil-gas-condensate reservoirs with large hydrocarbon columns.
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Date submitted2021-05-12
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Date accepted2022-05-11
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Date published2023-07-19
Application of the cybernetic approach to price-dependent demand response for underground mining enterprise electricity consumption
The article considers a cybernetic model for the price-dependent demand response (DR) consumed by an underground mining enterprise (UGME), in particular, the main fan unit (MFU). A scheme of the model for managing the energy consumption of a MFU in the DR mode and the implementation of the cybernetic approach to the DR based on the IoT platform are proposed. The main functional requirements and the algorithm of the platform operation are described, the interaction of the platform with the UGME digital model simulator, on which the processes associated with the implementation of the technological process of ventilation and electricity demand response will be simulated in advance, is shown. The results of modeling the reduction in the load on the MFU of a mining enterprise for the day ahead are given. The presented solution makes it possible to determine in advance the necessary power consumption for the operation of the main power supply unit, manage its operation in an energy-saving mode and take into account the predicted changes in the planned one (e.g., when men hoisting along an air shaft) and unscheduled (e.g., when changing outdoor air parameters) modes. The results of the study can be used to reduce the cost of UGME without compromising the safety of technological processes, both through the implementation of energy-saving technical, technological or other measures, and with the participation of enterprises in the DR market. The proposed model ensures a guaranteed receipt of financial compensation for the UGME due to a reasonable change in the power consumption profile of the MFU during the hours of high demand for electricity, set by the system operator of the Unified Energy System.
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Date submitted2021-09-22
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Date accepted2021-11-30
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Date published2021-12-27
Possibilities for creating Russian high-tech bottomhole assembly
Development of high-tech well electronic measuring systems is aimed at creating modern equipment: telemetry, well geophysical measurement equipment, the architecture of which is divided into basic (with measurement channels for gamma logging and inductive resistance) and advanced (with radioactive, acoustic, magnetic resonance and thermobarometric measurement channels, including azimuthal methods of investigation). Over-the-bit measurement modules, rotary steerable systems are being developed and channels for transmitting data to the surface are being improved. Vice versa, specialized surface equipment with highly integrated software is being created. Different measurement modules are manufactured by different companies, which creates uncertainties in the possibility of interfacing the manufacturers' measurement modules into a single well measurement system. The article presents an analysis of the readiness of Russian oil service companies to produce well and surface equipment for drilling Russian directional oil and gas wells, meeting modern requirements for accuracy, lifetime and operating conditions. The possibility of creating a fully Russian well high-tech equipment and the required resources, risks and measures to mitigate them when creating a modern well measurement system are considered.
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Date submitted2021-04-19
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Date accepted2021-10-18
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Date published2021-12-16
Mutual spectral densities calculation of the moments of resistance on the peat milling unit working bodies
- Authors:
- Konstantin V. Fomin
When performing technological operations in the peat industry, various units with milling-type working bodies are used. They differ in design, layout, number and type of cutting elements, operating modes, and may have one or more working bodies. During operation, random forces and moments act on the cutters, which have a dramatically variable nature, which is associated with the periodic interaction of the knives with the peat deposit, its structural heterogeneity, variations in the milling depth, physical and mechanical properties of peat, the rotational speed of the cutter and the movement speed of the machine. In this case, significant dynamic loads arise in the structural elements, which leads to a decrease in their reliability, deterioration of the energy characteristics of the engine operation and technical and economic indicators of use. In the dynamic analysis of drive elements, when using machines with several working bodies, it is necessary to know both spectral and mutual spectral load densities. For their calculation, expressions were obtained that take into account the physical and mechanical properties of peat, the operating modes of the unit and their probabilistic characteristics, as well as the design features of the working body. The expressions are obtained for the case when there are several working bodies with the same diameters and the number of knives in the cutting plane. In this case, the number of planes, width, type of cutting element and type of cutting (locked, semi-locked, etc.) may differ. As an example of using the developed approaches, the calculation of spectral and mutual spectral densities of moments on cutters and loads in the drive elements of the machine for surface-layer milling MTF-14 is presented.
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Date submitted2020-12-16
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Date accepted2021-07-27
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Date published2021-10-21
Features of the thermal regime formation in the downcast shafts in the cold period of the year
In the cold period of the year, to ensure the required thermal regime in underground mine workings, the air supplied to the mine is heated using air handling systems. In future, the thermodynamic state of the prepared air flow when it is lowered along the mine shaft changes due to the influence of a number of factors. At the same time, the processes of heat and mass exchange between the incoming air and its environment are of particular interest. These processes directly depend on the initial parameters of the heated air, the downcast shaft depth and the presence of water flows into the mine shaft. Based on the obtained experimental data and theoretical studies, the analysis of the influence of various heat and mass transfer factors on the formation of microclimatic parameters of air in the downcast shafts of the Norilsk industrial district mines is carried out. It is shown that in the presence of external water flows from the flooded rocks behind the shaft lining, the microclimatic parameters of the air in the shaft are determined by the heat transfer from the incoming air flow to the underground water flowing down the downcast shaft lining. The research results made it possible to describe and explain the effect of lowering the air temperature entering the underground workings of deep mines
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Date submitted2020-06-12
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Date accepted2020-06-15
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Date published2020-12-29
Analysis of project organization specifics in small-scale LNG production
- Authors:
- Pavel S. Tcvetkov
- S. V. Fedoseev
Gas industry plays an important role in the global energy sector, and in the coming decades amountsof natural gas production will only increase. One of the fastest growing trends in gas industry is the production of liquefiednatural gas (LNG), which is associated with the necessity to organize flexible systems of gas supply to the regions,remote from gas extraction sites. Industrial structure of LNG production includes projects, belonging to several different groups depending to their scale, in particular, small-scale production (SSLNG), cumulative production capacityof which is approximately 10 % from the industry-wide one. Economic aspects of implementing such projects remainunderexplored, which does not allow to draw objective conclusions regarding the prospects of their implementationin particular regions.This paper contains a review of publications, devoted to SSLNG project studies, aimed at identifying specifics oftheir organization compared to projects of greater scale. The results demonstrate that the majority of internationalcompanies classify projects as SSLNG, if their annual production capacity is below 0.5 million tonnes per annum.Specific capital costs, as well as implementation timelines of such projects, are several times lower than those of projects with greater production capacity, which reduces their risks and minimizes barriers to market entry. Furthermore,SSLNG is the most decentralized subsector in gas industry, aiming to cover the market due to a growing numberof projects, not their specific production capacity. These specific features define significant prospects of SSLNGdevelopment in Russia, both in the context of energy supply to remote regions and diversification of export deliveries.
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Date submitted2020-05-26
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Date accepted2020-09-23
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Date published2020-12-29
Automated ventilation control in mines. Challenges, state of the art, areas for improvement
The article is divided into three main parts. The first part provides an overview of the existing literature on theoretical methods for calculating the optimal air distribution in mines according to the criteria of energy efficiency and providing all sections of mines with the required amount of air. It is shown that by the current moment there are many different formulations of the problem of searching the optimal air distribution, many different approaches and methods for optimizing air distribution have been developed. The case of a single (main) fan is most fully investigated, while for many fans a number of issues still remain unresolved. The second part is devoted to the review of existing methods and examples of the automated mine ventilation control systems implementation in Russia and abroad. Two of the most well-known concepts for the development of such systems are automated ventilation control systems (AVCS) in Russia and the CIS countries and Ventilation on demand (VOD) abroad. The main strategies of ventilation management in the framework of the AVCS and VOD concepts are described and also the key differences between them are shown. One of the key differences between AVCS and VOD today is the automatic determination of the operation parameters of fan units and ventilation doors using the optimal control algorithm, which is an integral part of the AVCS. The third part of the article describes the optimal control algorithm developed by the team of the Mining Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the participation of the authors of the article. In this algorithm, the search for optimal air distribution is carried out by the system in a fully automated mode in real time using algorithms programmed into the microcontrollers of fans and ventilation doors. Minimization of energy consumption is achieved due to the most efficient selection of the fan speed and the rate of ventilation doors opening and also due to the air distribution shift control and the partial air recirculation systems introduction. It is noted that currently the available literature poorly covers the issue related to emergency operation modes ventilation systems of mines and also with the adaptation of automated control systems to different mining methods. According to the authors, further development of automated ventilation control systems should be carried out, in particular, in these two areas.
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Date submitted2020-03-20
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Date accepted2020-05-24
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Date published2020-06-30
Landscape monitoring studies of the North Caucasian geochemical province
The data on the geochemical features of the bedrocks and soils of the province are given. Considerable attention is paid to regional abundances, as well as enrichment and dispersion factors of the chemical elements in landscapes. Using the example of the North Caucasus, it is shown that for such indicators as phytomass, geological, geomorphological, and geobotanical features, it is possible to make a preliminary outlining of regional structures corresponding to geochemical provinces. At the same time, a subsequent geochemical study of these structures remains mandatory. Upon determining certain geochemical associations, geochemical provinces can be basically distinguished; to a large extent, geochemical properties of these accumulated and scattered associations of elements contribute to the regional soil geochemistry. The results of long-term monitoring studies of the North Caucasus geochemical province have shown that the key features of the regional landscapes are due to the composition of bedrock and the presence of a large number of ore deposits and occurrences. The data obtained are the basis for assessing the state of the environment in conditions of increasing anthropogenic impact, and the established regional abundances can be used to assess the degree of pollution in agricultural, residential, and mining landscapes.
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Date submitted2019-06-19
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Date accepted2019-09-11
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Date published2020-02-25
Method for estimating the spectrum density of the resistance moment on the working body of a peat milling unit
- Authors:
- K. V. Fomin
The main source of dynamic loads in the drive elements and the design of the peat milling unit is the working body. The forces of external resistance arising in the process of performing a technological operation are sharply variable, random in nature. The article proposes a model of formation of the moment of resistance on the mill when interacting with peat. The case when there are several cutting planes with the same radius at the ends of the cutting elements is considered. When developing the model, it was taken into account that the operating conditions of the knives, determined by the type of cutting (blocked, semi-blocked, etc.), their width and type in each cutting plane can vary. Factors that determine the nature of loading, such as the frequency of interaction of the cutting elements with the fallow and the randomness of the operating conditions of the unit, lead to the presentation of the loads in the form of a sequence of pulses with random parameters. Expressions are obtained for determining the spectral density of the moment of resistance on the mill at the design stage, taking into account its design, operating modes, physico-mechanical properties of peat and their probabilistic characteristics. To illustrate the application of the developed approaches, a technique is presented for determining the spectral density of the moment on the working body of deep milling machines and in their drive elements based on a linear model. An example of calculation is given, and the obtained expressions are verified on the basis of experimental data. The probabilistic characteristics of the loads on the mill serve as initial information for the dynamic analysis of the drive system and the design of the unit, its strength analysis, the selection of optimal parameters and operating modes.
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Date submitted2016-09-23
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Date accepted2016-11-07
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Date published2017-02-22
Development of energy-saving technologies providing comfortable microclimate conditions for mining
The paper contains analysis of natural and technogenic factors influencing properties of mine atmosphere, defining level of mining safety and probability of emergencies. Main trends in development of energy-saving technologies providing comfortable microclimate conditions are highlighted. A complex of methods and mathematical models has been developed to carry out aerologic and thermophysical calculations. Main ways of improvement for existing calculation methods of stationary and non-stationary air distribution have been defined: use of ejection draught sources to organize recirculation ventilation; accounting of depression losses at working intersections; inertance impact of air streams and mined-out spaces for modeling transitory emergency scenarios. Based on the calculation algorithm of airflow rate distribution in the mine network, processing method has been developed for the results of air-depressive surveys under conditions of data shortage. Processes of dust transfer have been modeled in view of its coagulation and settlement, as well as interaction with water drops in case of wet dust prevention. A method to calculate intensity of water evaporation and condensation has been suggested, which allows to forecast time, duration and quantity of precipitation and its migration inside the mine during winter season.
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Date submitted2016-09-06
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Date accepted2016-11-13
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Date published2017-02-22
Justified selection of a seam degassing technology to ensure safety of intensive coal mining
- Authors:
- S. V. Slastunov
- E. P. Yutyaev
The paper contains main aspects of methodological approach to objective analytic assessment of maximum permissible output of the mine faces from the viewpoint of gas factor. Analytic forecast is centered around the assessment of methane inflow into the face area from all possible sources, based on fundamental physical laws, modern tools of mathematical modeling and in-situ tests of main properties and state parameters of the gas-bearing coal formation. Objective and reliable estimation of permissible outputs is a starting point for justified selection of a seam degassing technology, that has to be based on time factor and predicted value of gas recovery from a coal seam to a degassing well. Recommendations have been formulated on the selection of degassing technology for the coal seam «Boldyrevsky» of the Kirov mine, based on the use of cutting-edge technological schemes (hydraulic fracture, carried out from development workings, etc.), successfully implemented on the mentioned site.
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Date submitted2015-12-10
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Date accepted2016-02-18
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Date published2016-12-23
Engineering and technical measures to improve reliability of power supply to construction facilities
- Authors:
- P. S. Orlov
The paper examines an issue of ensuring reliable power supply to construction facilities, proposes ways to reduce losses in distribution networks and improve power supply reliability. The primary focus is on increasing the transmission capability of power distribution networks and improving power supply reliability and safety of single-phase electricity consumers. Engineering and technical proposal belongs to the field of electrical engineering and in particular concerns power supply to single-phase consumers from three-phase networks, including construction industry consumers, and can be used in three-phase three-, four- and five-wives alternating current power distribution networks.
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Date submitted2015-12-28
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Date accepted2016-02-12
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Date published2016-12-23
Impact of the load curve on losses In the power supply network of the company
- Authors:
- Ya. E. Shklyarskii
- S. Pirog
In the recent years, the researchers and experts in the field of energetics often mention in their publications a need to reduce power transmission losses. Among different ways to accomplish this goal the method of the company load leveling stands out due to its simplicity, accessibility and efficiency. The paper proposes a new assessment factor for additional power losses in distribution network. It is known that dispersion of the load curve correlates with the amount of power losses, which is why the proposed factor is put in a position of dependency on the shape of the load curve of the company. It is demonstrated that the proposed factor can help to identify without any strain a need in technical measures for levelling the load curve of the company and to assess efficiency thereof.
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Date submitted2013-07-18
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Date accepted2013-09-24
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Date published2014-03-17
Forecast stress state of mass when extraction coal reserves under open pit mine in the underground mining Nui Beo (Vietnam)
- Authors:
- Nguen Van Kuang
Define the underground extraction zone, which under the influence of open pit mine, on the tunnels in geology conditions of the underground mining Nui Beo. Calculate the components of the stress of the around rocks and tunnels under the pits and given the reasonable parameters of the support passport.
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Date submitted2013-07-27
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Date accepted2013-09-03
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Date published2014-03-17
Gas balance definition of working area with face zone isolation
- Authors:
- V. V. Smirnyakov
The article describes the methods for gas balance definition of working area with face zone isolation from mined-out space, that have allowed to change the air distribution in face zone and to determine the part of evolved gas from bed and marked bed.
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Date submitted2010-07-06
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Date accepted2010-09-06
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Date published2011-03-21
Distribution of products of destruction of granite files
The article considers the problem of size distribution of grain-size composition of the blasted rock mass, rock fragments blasted rock mass and rock blockiness. The logarithmic-normal distribution law is laid down for all blasted granite mass products. It was proved, that logarithmic variance of logarithmic normal distribution law of the fractured rock mass fragments’ distribution is a structural invariant on the level of statistical universe of the block and fragments.
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Date submitted2009-10-26
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Date accepted2009-12-27
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Date published2010-09-22
Support of geodynamic safety in mining of the Khibini deposits
The paper deals with the problems of geodynamics in mining of the Khibini deposits. Description is given to the complex of organizational-technical arrangements for provision of geodynamic safety at the Apatit Co and to principal trends of its development.
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Date submitted2009-08-02
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Date accepted2009-10-29
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Date published2010-02-01
Forecasting the power consumption of mines on the basis of stochastic time-series models
- Authors:
- A. A. Chernysh
- O. B. Shonin
The paper is devoted to building up time series models to forecast the power consumption of a mine. The results discussed are obtained using various linear filter models and artificial neural network. The wavelet transform of the raw time series is shown to be an efficient technique to increase the forecasting accuracy.
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Date submitted2009-07-27
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Date accepted2009-09-15
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Date published2010-04-22
Geomechanical problems in the forecast of stress-strain state of underground stations of the metro at a great depth
- Authors:
- P. A. Demenkov
- I. E. Dolgiy
- V. I. Ochkurov
Forecast of stress and strain state of deep underground metro stations is considered in this article. A complex approach to study of static work of the metro stations including the in situ testing at different stages of their construction and numerical modeling with finite element method is shown.
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Date submitted2008-10-17
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Date accepted2008-12-07
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Date published2009-12-11
Morphometry of aggregates and modeling of phase transition kinetics under metamorphism
- Authors:
- Yu. L. Gulbin
The paper discusses some general relations between the structure of metamorphic rocks and mechanisms of phase reactions. Among these relations is the influence of nucleation and growth of kinetics on the crystal size distribution. A brief overview is made of theoretical models which have been proposed to explain granulometric properties of rocks, and kinetic laws and factors on the metamorphic crystallization are considered by the example of metapelitic garnets, including the phenomenon of avalanche nucleation at finite overheating as well as the growth of porphyroblasts under diffusion-limited conditions. As a result, a new approach to modeling of native granulometric curves is presented.
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Date submitted2008-10-06
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Date accepted2008-12-10
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Date published2009-12-11
Appearance of entropy principle in distribution оf the gold mass while formation of minable gold mineralization
- Authors:
- S. V. Sendek
The rule of the entropy distributiveness for mass of the metal in gold ores is detected at different scale levels. This regularity is resulted as a consequence of redistribution of the gold and host rocks after their primary conditions. Revealing of those rules may allow reviewing the notions on nature and genesis of gold mineralizaition.