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Date submitted2024-04-27
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Date accepted2024-11-07
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Date published2025-03-05
Comprehensive studies of the snow-firn layer in the area of the Russian Antarctic Vostok Station
The article presents the findings from research conducted at Vostok Station during the 69th Russian Antarctic expedition. The primary goal of the research is to perform a thorough investigation of the snow-firn layer using both direct (drilling and core analysis) and indirect (georadiolocation and seismic exploration) methods. As part of the research, fundamental tasks related to the study of the structure and dynamics of the upper part of the ice sheet were addressed, as well as applied tasks aimed at justifying the depth of explosive charge placement for seismic work with the goal of conducting a detailed study of Lake Vostok and selecting the point for drilling access to the lake. Data on the microstructure and physical properties of the snow-firn layer were collected. The findings will allow for future improvements to the firn densification model, which is required to understand the evolution of ice grains during the early stages of metamorphism. The study's findings aided in the understanding of the structural features of the ice sheet's surface layer, allowing for more precise determination of the structural and physical characteristics of the snow-firn layer and ice, potentially leading to a better understanding of climatic and geological processes in Antarctica.
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Date submitted2023-07-05
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Date accepted2024-06-03
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Date published2024-12-25
Complete extraction of conditioned ores from complex-structured blocks due to partial admixture of substandard ores
- Authors:
- Bayan R. Rakishev
The paper presents mining-technological substantiation of complete extraction of conditioned ores from complex-structured blocks of benches by mixing a layer of substandard ores of certain sizes. The relevance of the work consists in the development of innovative methods of establishing the parameters of the substandard layer of ores to be added to the conditioned ores. The main problem is to ensure complete extraction of useful components into concentrate from shipped ore with acceptable deviations from the required ones. A new typification of complex-structured ore blocks of the bench has been carried out. Analytical dependences of mining and geological characteristics of complex-structured ore blocks were obtained. Theoretical dependences for determining the main indicators of mineral processing are derived. Analytical dependences for determination of the content of useful component in shipped ore α' – mixture of conditioned ore with the content of useful component α and admixed layer of substandard ore with the content of useful component α'' are offered. For the first time in mining science, a new approach of complete extraction of conditioned ores from complex-structured blocks of benches by grabbing a certain part of substandard ores during excavation, increasing the volume of extracted ore and expanding the extraction of useful components in the concentrate has been substantiated. The increment of useful components can reach 10-15 % of the total volume of extraction, which allows predicting a significant increase in the completeness of mineral extraction from the Earth's interior.
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Date submitted2023-01-16
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Date accepted2023-06-20
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Date published2024-04-25
Study on the thin layer drying and diffusion mechanism of low rank coal in Inner Mongolia and Yunnan
Coal is one of the world's most important energy substances. China is rich in coal resources, accounting for more than 90 % of all ascertained fossil energy reserves. The consumption share of coal energy reaches 56.5 % in 2021. Due to the high moisture content of low-rank coal, it is easy to cause equipment blockage in the dry sorting process. This paper considers low-rank coal coming from Inner Mongolia (NM samples) and Yunnan (YN samples). The weight loss performance of the samples was analyzed using thermogravimetric experiments to determine the appropriate temperature for drying experiments. Thin-layer drying experiments were carried out at different temperature conditions. The drying characteristics of low-rank coal were that the higher the drying temperature, the shorter the drying completion time; the smaller the particle size, the shorter the drying completion time. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient was fitted using the Arrhenius equation. The effective water diffusion coefficient of NM samples was 5.07·10–11 - 9.58·10–11 m2/s. The effective water diffusion coefficients of the three different particle sizes of YN samples were 1.89·10–11 - 4.92·10–11 (–1 mm), 1.38·10–10 - 4.13·10–10 (1-3 mm), 5.26·10–10 - 1.49·10–9 (3-6 mm). The activation energy of Inner Mongolia lignite was 10.97 kJ/mol (–1 mm). The activation energies of Yunnan lignite with different particle sizes were 17.97 kJ/mol (–1 mm), 33.52 kJ/mol (1-3 mm), and 38.64 kJ/mol (3-6 mm). The drying process was simulated using empirical and semi-empirical formulas. The optimal model for Inner Mongolia samples was the Two-term diffusion model, and Yunnan samples were the Hii equation was used.
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Date submitted2021-12-15
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Date accepted2022-09-12
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Date published2023-08-28
Substantiation and selection of the design parameters of the hydroficated equipment complex for obtaining backfill mixtures from current enrichment tailings
The issue of the influence of the concentration of the solid phase on the reduction of energy costs and specific energy consumption during pulp transportation is considered. The procedure for preparing slurry from the current enrichment tailings is shown. A scheme is given and the operation of a hydroficated unit for thickening and hydraulic transport of backfill mixtures is described. A diagram of the movement of solid particles in one of the units of the complex – a lamellar thickener is shown. The summary table shows the main design parameters and characteristics of the lamellar thickener. A general view of the laboratory setup used for experimental studies with slurry at various concentrations is given. An example of calculating productivity, density and specific load is presented. The dependence of the shear stress on the velocity gradient was determined for various pulp concentrations. Experimental studies of the process of thickening the production of slurry from the current enrichment tailings have been carried out. It was found that the geometric dimensions of the thickener depend on the concentration of the solid phase in the transported mixture. It is concluded that the flow rate of the slurry and the head loss are functions of the rheological characteristics of the viscoplastic slurry and can be calculated from the derived calculated dependencies.
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Date submitted2022-04-11
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Date accepted2022-06-15
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Date published2022-07-26
Magma feeding paleochannel in the Monchegorsk ore region: geochemistry, isotope U-Pb and Sm-Nd analysis (Kola region, Russia)
A comprehensive study of a 340 m thick lenticular-sheet body of ultramafic composition penetrated by structural well M-1 at a depth of about 2.2 km was accomplished. Its main volume is composed of plagioharzburgite; fine-grained rocks of norite and orthopyroxenite chilling zones are preserved on endocontacts. The rocks of the body are similar in composition to the rocks near the underlying ore-bearing layered intrusion – the Monchepluton. The age of intrusion of the ultramafic body is 2510 ± 9 Ma (U-Pb, ID-TIMS, zircon) and, taking into account analytical errors, is comparable with the formation period of the Monchepluton (2507-2498 Ma). According to the study of the Sm-Nd system in rocks and minerals, a positive value of the e Nd (+1.1) parameter was established, similar to that in dunites and chromitites of the Monchepluton. Based on these results, the ultramafic body penetrated at depth was assigned to the magma feeding paleochannel through which the ultramafic, weakly contaminated magma entered the overlying magma chamber. This body is a unique example of a magma-feeding system for the ore-bearing layered intrusion of Precambrian age.
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Date submitted2022-03-21
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Date accepted2022-06-15
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Date published2022-07-26
Ti-Fe-Cr spinels in layered (stratified) complexes of the western slope of the Southern Urals: species diversity and formation conditions
- Authors:
- Sergey G. Kovalev
- Sergey S. Kovalev
Materials on geochemistry and ore Fe-Ti-Cr mineralization of rocks composing layered (stratified) bodies of the western slope of the Southern Urals are presented. A detailed analysis showed similarity in the redistribution of REE, noble metals, and Fe-Ti-Cr mineralization of practically all parameters in rocks of the Misaelga and Kusin-Kopan complexes. It has been established that the parameters of metamorphism, which influenced components redistribution in Fe-Ti-Cr minerals of the layered complexes, correspond to Misaelga – T = <550-750 °С, P = 0.1-2.8 kbar, Kusin-Kopan – T = <550-630 °С, P = 0.3-0.7 kbar, and Shuidinsky complexes – T = <550-760 °С, P = 0.5-2.5 kbar. The result of modelling the melt crystallization process showed that the Kusin-Kopan complex is an intrusive body with an ultramafic horizon in the idealized cross-section. Due to collisional processes, the lower part of the intrusion has been detached from the upper part. The proposed structure of the Kusin-Kopan complex sharply increases its prospects for such types of minerals as platinum group minerals + sulphide copper-nickel mine-ralization and/or chromites.
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Date submitted2021-04-19
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Date accepted2022-05-25
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Date published2022-07-13
Development of the technology of stowing the developed space during mining
- Authors:
- Evgenii R. Kovalskii
- Kirill V. Gromtsev
An analysis of the world experience in the development of potash deposits shows that the main problems arising during their development are a high level of mineral losses, an increased risk of flooding of mine workings as a result of water-proof layer discontinuance and the development of emergency water inflows in the mined-out spaces. Reduction of potash ore losses can be achieved by using a long-pillar mining system, but this method is limited by the peculiarities of the geological structure of the potash deposits and the need to preserve the continuity of the water-proof layer during its underworking. The safety of underworking of the water-proof layer can be improved by using the stowing of the developed longwall space. However, the question of the influence of the stowing on the height of the zone of water supply cracks development remains little-studied. The world experience of stowing the developed spaces in the development of layers with long pillars is analyzed and the technology of placing the stowing masses, which can solve these problems, is proposed. The considered technology and the proposed solutions are supported by laboratory tests of stowing materials and mathematical modeling of deformation zones in the overlying rocks.
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Date submitted2021-03-11
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Date accepted2021-07-27
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Date published2021-10-21
Justification of a comprehensive technology for preventing the formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits during the production of highlyparaffinic oil by electric submersible pumps from multiformation deposits
Production of highly solidifying abnormal oils (with a paraffin content of over 30 % by mass) in the Far North is complicated by the intensive formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) in the bottomhole zone of the productive formation, well and surface equipment. Existing methods and technologies for countering the formation of organic deposits in well equipment have many advantages. However, their application in the production of highly paraffinic oil does not fully prevent the formation of ARPD in the tubing string. This leads to a significant reduction in oil production, reduction of turnaround and intertreatment periods of production wells operation, an increase in specific operating expenses for paraffin removal. Results of theoretical and laboratory investigations presented in the article show that one of the promising ways to improve the operational efficiency of wells equipped with electric submersible pumps during extraction of highly paraffinic oil from multiformation deposits is the application of a new integrated technology based on the joint production of highly solidifying abnormal oil with oil, characterized by a lower paraffin content and manifestation of structural and mechanical properties, in conjunction with the regulation of the parameters for the electric submersible pump. Results of numerical modeling using the PIPESIM steady-state multiphase flow simulator, physical, chemical and rheological investigations show that with a decrease of highly paraffinic oil from the productive formation D2ef in a blend with Stary Oskol oil from the Kyrtaelskoye field, a decrease in the mass content of paraffin in the blend and the temperature of its saturation with paraffin, depth and intensity of the organic deposits formation in the tubing string, pour point, as well as the improvement of the rheological properties of the investigated structured dispersed systems is observed. Article describes a promising assembly of well equipment for the single tubing separate production of highly paraffinic oil from multiformation deposits of the Timan-Pechora province, providing separation of the perforation zones in two productive formations using a packer-anchor system at simultaneous-separate operation of the formations by a double electric submersible pump unit.
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Date submitted2020-06-11
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Date accepted2021-03-30
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Date published2021-06-24
Crystal morphology of spherical viruses
- Authors:
- Yury L. Voytekhovsky
The article discusses modern views on the structure of spherical virus capsids, which have the shape of icosahedrons (icosahedral viruses). Each face of icosahedron is composed of a single-layer closest packing of protein globules, which can have different orientation relative to the edges of icosahedron. If the lines of globules are parallel to the edges of icosahedron, then the capsid has a point symmetry group I h (with symmetry planes), if they are not parallel – the symmetry group I (without planes). From a mathematical point of view, in both symmetry groups there are series that unite equally (up to similarity) arranged capsids. They are connected pairwise by transitions to dual forms (homologous series). A hypothesis is formulated that the largest spherical viruses can have even more diverse and complex capsid structures. Along with icosahedron, their basic forms can be any simple shapes, allowed in I h and I symmetry groups (8 in total). A suggestion is made that transitions within similarity series and between homologous series have a phylogenetic significance. There are known spherical viruses of both symmetry groups. For example, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a symmetry group I h and belongs to a well-known series. The crystallographic approach allows to construct a strict morphological classification of spherical viruses. This is important for their early recognition and separate examination. The article demonstrates practical application of crystal morphology in the study of viral systems – an urgent problem of geoecology and life protection.
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Date submitted2019-12-25
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Date accepted2020-06-30
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Date published2020-10-08
Accounting of geomechanical layer properties in multi-layer oil field development
Amid the ever-increasing urgency to develop oil fields with complex mining and geological conditions and low-efficiency reservoirs, in the process of structurally complex reservoir exploitation a number of problems arise, which are associated with the impact of layer fractures on filtration processes, significant heterogeneity of the structure, variability of stress-strain states of the rock mass, etc. Hence an important task in production engineering of such fields is a comprehensive accounting of their complex geology. In order to solve such problems, the authors suggest a methodological approach, which provides for a more reliable forecast of changes in reservoir pressure when constructing a geological and hydrodynamic model of a multi-layer field. Another relevant issue in the forecasting of performance parameters is accounting of rock compressibility and its impact on absolute permeability, which is the main factor defining the law of fluid filtration in the productive layer. The paper contains analysis of complex geology of a multi-layer formation at the Alpha field, results of compression test for 178 standard core samples, obtained dependencies between compressibility factor and porosity of each layer. By means of multiple regression, dependencies between permeability and a range of parameters (porosity, density, calcite and dolomite content, compressibility) were obtained, which allowed to take into account the impact of secondary processes on the formation of absolute permeability. At the final stage, efficiency of the proposed methodological approach for construction of a geological and hydrodynamic model of an oil field was assessed. An enhancement in the quality of well-by-well adaptation of main performance parameters, as well as an improvement in predictive ability of the adjusted model, was identified.
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Date submitted2020-06-15
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Date accepted2020-06-15
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Date published2020-06-30
Non-destructive testing of multilayer medium by the method of velocity of elastic waves hodograph
- Authors:
- Aleksandr I. Potapov
- Artem V. Kondratev
The method of velocity of elastic waves hodograph, aimed at non-destructive testing of structurally heterogeneous composite materials and products based on them, as well as multilayer products and constructions, is considered. The theoretical basis for determining the propagation velocity of elastic waves in a multilayer medium by the hodograph method is given. Based on the studies, recommendations are given for determining the propagation velocity of elastic waves in each individual layer of a multilayer medium, which allows non-destructive testing of the physicomechanical characteristics of each layer of a multilayer medium. It is shown that in addition to simple multiple reflections in a homogeneous medium, in a multilayer medium with parallel interfaces consisting of two or more layers, complex types of multiple reflected waves and mixed waves (reflected-refracted and refracted-reflected) can arise. The main task of applying the low-frequency ultrasonic method is to determine the acoustic parameters of the propagation of elastic waves (velocities, amplitudes, spectra). The main methods for determining the elastic wave velocities are considered, based on the hodograph equation of the indicated reflected waves in a multilayer medium.
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Date submitted2020-06-11
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Date accepted2020-06-11
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Date published2020-06-30
Mathematical model of the liquefied methane phase transition in the cryogenic tank of a vehicle
In order to increase the efficiency of using vehicles (VEH) in mining and quarrying conditions, it is necessary to improve the components of gas equipment (cryogenic tank, gas nozzles, fuel supply cryogenic tubes, etc.) for supplying liquefied natural gas to the engine, as well as storage of liquid methane in a cryogenic tank with a long service life. For this, it is necessary to consider the process of heat and mass transfer of liquefied natural gas in a two-phase liquid-gas medium, taking into account the phase transition in the closed volume of the cryogenic tank under consideration. The article presents a model of unsteady heat and mass transfer of a two-phase liquefied methane medium in a developed two-tank cryogenic tank using a Cartesian coordinate system with fractional control volumes in space. The experimental data confirm the efficiency of using a cryogenic tank on the VEH platform, in which the run on liquefied methane compared to standard fuels is tripled, the shelf life of liquefied gas in the proposed cryogenic tank is 2-2.5 times longer than in the standard one.
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Date submitted2019-07-13
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Date accepted2019-08-31
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Date published2019-12-24
Method for predicting the stress-strain state of the vertical shaft lining at the drift landing section in saliferous rocks
The article proposes a method for predicting the stress-strain state of the vertical shaft lining in saliferous rocks at the drift landing section. The paper considers the development of geomechanical processes in the saliferous rock in the landing area, the support is viewed as a two-layer medium: the inner layer is concrete, the outer layer is compensation material. With this in view, the paper solves the problem of continuum mechanics in a spatial setting, taking into account the long-term deformation of salts and the compressibility of the compensation layer. Long-term deformation of saliferous rocks is described using the viscoplastic model of salt deformation into the numerical model, and the crushable foam model to simulate the deformation of the compensation layer. This approach considers all stages of the deformation of the compensation layer material and the development of long-term deformations of saliferous rocks, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of the forecast of the stress-strain state of the vertical shaft lining.
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Date submitted2018-08-29
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Date accepted2018-10-25
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Date published2019-02-22
The study of the effect of temperature on the ability of metals to accumulate energy during their plastic deformation
The subject of research is the surface layer of highly loaded parts, friction units of mining machines and equipment. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the factors that determine the ability of the material of the surface layer of parts to accumulate energy in the process of plastic deformation. It is suggested that the activation character of the accumulation of energy by metals. Based on the theory of diffusion, it was shown that the mobility of atoms, as well as the accumulated energy, are determined by the ratio of the test temperature to the melting temperature.
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Date submitted2018-05-21
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Date accepted2018-07-14
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Date published2018-10-24
Increasing the wear resistance of adapters and drill pipes by elec-tromechanical processing
The directions of the research on increasing the wear resistance of drill pipe locks, threaded joints and casing drill string have been defined: application of drill pipes from the nose-resistant surfacing to the lock with Russian and foreign materials (hardbanding); hardening of the surface layer of drill pipe locks by electromechanical processing; hardaning of the external and internal locking thread of drill pipes by electromechanical processing. Comparative tests of the wear resistance of various hardening materials (hardbanding) of Russian and foreign production and the drill pipe lock without surfacing have been made. The recommendations for increasing the wear resistance of threaded joints by the method of electromechanical processing are developed, which determine the ways of increasing the resource and reliability of drill pipes and sub-assemblies, the formation of unique properties of parts, reducing the labor-capacity of manufacturing and restoring parts, increasing the efficiency of enterprises and organizations, protecting the environment and creation of competitive products. The materials of the article are of practical value for specialists of various fields engaged in the issues of increasing the reliability of technological equipment. The production success of using wear resistant surfacing technology on the body of a drill pipe joint is due to the possibility of using relatively simple and mobile welding equipment, carrying out work in the places of use of a drilling tool or temporary (permanent) production bases with a small transport arm from the field, re-depositing surfacing materials restoration of drill pipe locks; a wide and growing list of companies that receive accreditation for the production of these works.
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Date submitted2017-12-28
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Date accepted2018-03-03
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Date published2018-06-22
Special features of a structure of technical operations for peat excavation with stage dewatering
- Authors:
- E. A. Kremcheev
A method of development of a technology of peat extraction for intensifying of dewatering which involves drying of peat raw materials in thick layers with a layer-by-layer harvesting into large-sized roll with further delivery to the field storage unit of the enlarged sizes is presented in the paper. Throughout the year storage raw materials may be transported to the customer or to the shopfloor for further processing. Considering dimension and mass characteristics, a crumbed peat of various moisture capacity is a major type of products to be of high demand. On the basis of the results of scientific studies regarding gravity dewatering of peat and its drying in field environment, the ways of intensifying of field dewatering of peat for extraction at shallow-peat lands and fine-limit fields are proposed. The presented results of the experimental performance of a technology of peat drying in thick layers with a layer-by-layer harvesting indicate an increase of seasonal harvesting and a decrease of the influence of unfavorable meteorological factors on the stability of the extraction process. Performed investigations allowed to develop a structure of technical operations for peat excavation with the stage dewatering in spreading and intermediate storage units providing rational state of the extraction process regarding a complex of technical factors. A suggested scheme of a process area for a primary and secondary period of deposit exploitation by a technology of peat excavation is considered.
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Date submitted2015-08-21
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Date accepted2015-10-24
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Date published2016-04-22
Results of the 5G borehole drilling at russian antarctic station «Vostok» and researches of ice cores
- Authors:
- N. I. Vasilev
- A. N. Dmitriev
- V. Ya. Lipenkov
We produce an information about results and features of the 5G borehole drilling in Antarctic layer at Russian station Vostok. Main regularities of the change structured and physical properties by Antarctic ice layer depth, which determine mechanical and reological properties if ice, which influence to sinking of a borehole and to the maintaining of it in a working condition, the safe and competitive technologies creation for drilling of strong ice layers and the environmentally safe technology of the subglacial reservoirs unsealing. We also produce results of the ice cores researching and the paleoclimatic raws construction, which are reconstructed by the ice cores researching from Vostok station, which is compared with isotopic graph. This graph describes changes of World ocean level.
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Date submitted2014-12-20
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Date accepted2015-02-05
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Date published2015-12-25
Synergetic changes of tribochemical properties in the heterogeneous systems containing surface modified metals
- Authors:
- A. G. Syrkov
In the article tribochemical properties and synergetic effects in lubricants with metal addi-tives, characterized by surface modifcations, have been analysed. The priority results of measur-ings friction coefficient (f) and friction force (F fr) are given for heterogeneous systems in the form of И-20 oil with solid Al-additives, contatiing dispersed aluminium, with surface-modified triamon (Т), alkamon (A) and ethylhydridsiloxane according to various programs. It has been educed that with all other things being equal, triamon underlayers introduction into Al-additives with the external chemisorpted ethylhydridsiloxane layer results in the decrease of F fr and f in the system in proportion to the Т-underlayer number reduction from three to one. It has been discovered that the use of low-molecular Т-underlayer in Al-additives is a delicate method of summand value regulation (from 10,8 to 13,2 Н), accountable for intermolecular forces in the boundary fritction equation in the tribological pair applied.
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Date submitted2013-07-18
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Date accepted2013-09-02
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Date published2014-03-17
Rock mechanics problems decision algorithm for bottom layers of potash salt deposits
Decision algorithm for rock mechanics problems for bottom layers of potash deposits is suggested. Flow chart for the algorithm and it’s parts is shown. The algorithm represents the method to choose excavation technology for multi-layer potash deposits.
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Date submitted2013-07-20
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Date accepted2013-09-04
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Date published2014-03-17
Some approaches to secure mining of potash deposits
- Authors:
- O. V. Kovalev
- S. P. Mozer
The basic aspects of safe mining of potash deposits is reviewed. Practical examples of the mechanism and possible consequences of violating the integrity of the waterproof rock strata are described. Use of remote non-destructive monitoring system for non-destructive integrity breeds of the waterproof rock strata is proposed.
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Date submitted2010-07-29
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Date accepted2010-09-27
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Date published2011-03-21
Efficiency increasing of condenser batteries operation in mining enterprise`s electric circuits
- Authors:
- A. N. Skamin
This work contains the method of effective reactive power compensation at the expense of high harmonics reduction. The decrease of condenser batteries overloading from the high harmonics is based on variation of condenser power depending on current and voltage spectral structure, electric network parameters and load power.
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Date submitted2009-10-06
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Date accepted2009-12-24
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Date published2010-09-22
Geologo-geomechanical developments of structures of deep vertical shafts at coal mines in Donbass
- Authors:
- V. V. Levit
- S. V. Borshchevskii
The lithologo-geomechanical trend of conditions for strengthening the vertical shafts of collieries which coordinates and unites the lithologo-geomechanical and mining factors into a system has been developed.
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Date submitted2009-09-19
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Date accepted2009-11-15
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Date published2010-06-25
Potassium chloride content in ore and products оf recycling automatic control system
- Authors:
- S. S. Galushkin
- B. A. Vishnyak
- V. N. Smirnov
Potassium chloride percentage in continuous transported ore flows and products of potassium plants recycling automatic control system is offered and described. It differs fundamentally from used before ones at bulk solids containing natural radio-activity elements effective constituents producing and recycling plants. Sensing device is used in this information-measuring system (IMS). It allows to realize automatic control in flows for that instantaneous productivity fluidity in wide limits is resided. Using such IMS gives considerable economic effect by measurements error lowering and their quickness increase.
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Date submitted2009-09-26
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Date accepted2009-11-14
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Date published2010-06-25
Automatic bulk solids moisture in stream control system
- Authors:
- S. S. Galushkin
- B. A. Vishniak
- V. N. Smirnov
Automatic moisture in fine-dyspersated stream control system based on microwave frequency method is presented. Minimizing means of interrupting factors peculiar to this method of measurement are produced and systematically proved.
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Date submitted2009-08-17
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Date accepted2009-10-25
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Date published2010-02-01
Compensation of supply station reactive power by means of the mine main fan electric drive
- Authors:
- V. V. Sobolev
- O. B. Shonin
On the basis of comparative analysis of the mine main fan electric drive input voltage-current characteristics, a frequency-variable drive with pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier and PWM inverter is shown to be the most competitive one because of its capability to independently implement the substation power factor correction and the mine air flow energy-saving control.