The paper analyses features of the species composition and diversity of biotic communities living within the ferromanganese nodule fields (the Clarion-Clipperton field), cobalt-manganese crusts (the Magellan Seamounts) and deep-sea polymetallic sulphides (the Ashadze-1, Ashadze-2, Logatchev and Krasnov fields) in the Russian exploration areas of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Prospects of mining solid minerals of the world’s oceans with the least possible damage to the marine ecosystems are considered that cover formation of the sediment plumes and roiling of significant volumes of water as a result of collecting the minerals as well as conservation of the hydrothermal fauna and microbiota, including in the impact zone of high temperature hydrothermal vents. Different concepts and layout options for deep-water mining complexes (the Indian and Japanese concepts as well as those of the Nautilus Minerals and Saint Petersburg Mining University) are examined with respect to their operational efficiency. The main types of mechanisms that are part of the complexes are identified and assessed based on the defined priorities that include the ecological aspect, i.e. the impact on the seabed environment; manufacturing and operating costs; and specific energy consumption, i.e. the technical and economic indicators. The presented morphological analysis gave grounds to justify the layout of a deep-sea minerals collecting unit, i.e. a device with suction chambers and a grip arm walking gear, selected based on the environmental key priority. Pilot experimental studies of physical and mechanical properties of cobalt-manganese crust samples were performed through application of bilateral axial force using spherical balls (indenters) and producing a rock strength passport to assess further results of the experimental studies. Experimental destructive tests of the cobalt-manganese crust by impact and cutting were carried out to determine the impact load and axial cutting force required for implementation of the collecting system that uses a clamshell-type effector with a built-in impactor.
The article discusses the features of running tunnels in difficult mining and geological conditions of the Saint Petersburg Metrostroy using modern tunnel boring shields of Herrenknecht company with hybrid executive bodies equipped with a incisors and rock cutters. The work of a hybrid executive body is analyzed when driving along a heterogeneous bottomhole massif consisting of Cambrian clay with limestone interlayers. Theoretical and experimental studies of vibroactive cones, a graphical representation of the dependence of the depth of their penetration on the axial force and axial force together with the applied shock load (the dependences of the penetration depth are interpreted as a linear dependence) have been carried out. An increase in the intensity of destruction of a heterogeneous bottomhole massif consisting of Cambrian clay and limestone interlayers using vibroactive rock-cutting tools (spiked roller) was theoretically and experimentally confirmed, while the growth of the penetration rate is determined depending on the number of their parameters. The design is considered, the principle of operation and the method of power calculation of a rotary executive body equipped with vibroactive cutters are described, on the basis of which a nomogram of the dependence of the torque and performance of the tunnel boring shield on the feed rate of the executive body to the bottom is built.
The conditions for the occurrence of near bottom minerals presented in the form of sulphides (the Logachev deposit) and ferro-manganese nodules (The conditions for the occurrence of benthic minerals presented in the form of sulphides (the Logachev deposit) and ferro-manganese nodules (FMN) are considered. An analysis of the structures and parameters of various means of collecting and transporting sulphides and iron ore from the bottom to the surface is given, and the possibility of effectively using vessel lifting on a cable-rope is indicated. Structural schemes for collecting FMN and sulphides in the form of containers on a cable, equipped with manipulators with gripping devices of a disc, drum or clamshell type, are proposed. In them, the capture of rock pieces or FMN is carried out by creating a vacuum in the collectors of the executive bodies and attracting to them pieces of rock or FMN by a pressure drop of water inside and outside the reservoir. It was given the approximate parameters of the mining system. So, for a cable-rope made of kevlar with a diameter of 50 mm, the capacity can be 200-400 thousand tons per year for one installation with different specific mass concentration of FMN per 1 m 2 ) are considered.
The designs of submersible hammers and dampers protected by patents for reducing the vibration of the drilling rig of roller drill machines are proposed. The variants of modernizing drilling rigs for drilling hard rocks and faces of complex structures are considered. Particular attention is paid to the joint work of submersible shockers and pneumatic shock absorbers, the preferred schemes for the arrangement of these devices by drilling rigs are indicated. The results of experimental tests of machines with pneumatic hammers are presented to determine the vibration performance and drilling speeds. The pneumatic hammer allows increasing the speed of drilling process to the intensification of the destruction of the plain face by the shock load and the cleavage of the protrusions of the unevenness of the face, the better fitting of the bit to the face and the release of the blades or the bit pins from the drill bit. The choice of a particular type of damper or shock absorber depends on its design scheme and the possibility of changing the design of the drill string. With the complexity of installing a damping device in the mast (with significant dimensions of shock absorbers and drilling of strong heterogeneous rocks), it is advisable to use a set of tools to reduce hydraulic pulsations in the mains and cylinders of the hydraulic system by installing chokes in the oil plants and pneumatic shock absorbers. It is proposed to use the device for the development of pneumatic hammers by a patent-pending drilling method with a hollow piston filled with magnetically active heavy liquid, which will allow controlling the frequency and size of the shock pulses and partially compensating for the drill string fluctuations arising from the uneven immersion of the bit in the array . It is noted that the proposed solutions increase the drilling speed by an average of 15%.
The article describes the design of modernized hammer-perforators for tunnel complexes for construction of auxiliary mine workings of «Metrostroi», St Petersburg, protected by patents. The article deals with assembly variants of the executive device of percussion type for breaking faces of complicated structure. Particular attention is paid to hammers working in the mode of the «counter-shearing» accomplished by dual jackhammers. The results of experimental tests to determine pike penetration into rock array for different values of rock hardness and pressing force. It is noted that the proposed solution replaces manual labor, reduces working cycle time.
The pressing challenge of occupational diseases among miners is considered. The data for different kinds of occupational diseases, their distribution in years and connection of the incidence with the quality of equipment used is cited.
In clause the variant of configuration of an agency to passed a complex for mines Metrostroja of Saint Petersburg is presented. Formulas and results of calculation of key parameters of an agency of a complex on the COMPUTER by Poderni R.J.'s technique for hydraulicimpact and modernized program KOR_N for hydraulic mills are resulted. Use of hydraulic mills of longitudinal rotation as an agency on working off of a face is proved. The cycle to passed works of a complex is stated.
After disintegration of the USSR the Russian Federation is compelled to buy manganese ores abroad. In a shelf zone of the seas washing borders of the Russian Federation, there are deposits ferromanganese concretion which industrial development will allow to solve partially a problem of absence of own manganous raw material. Existing means for development of firm minerals of a sea-bottom do not allow to fulfil effectively the given deposits, therefore creation new winning machine combining high efficiency and ecological safety is an actual scientific and technical problem.
In clause the stand for research of shock systems is presented. The technique of experimental researches of the stand is stated and results of researches are presented. The necessary equipment for researches is presented. Efficiency of application in designs pnevmo- and hydropunchers of the dual shock system is proved. The further researches of shock system «piston-beat-bar» are stated.
The results of studies of impact processes, including the system piston - striker - rod, are considered. The energy of the shock pulse family at the impact of the piston with the striker is 10-20 % higher than this indicator at the impact with the solid piston. Based on the results of bench studies, the design of a perforator with a dual percussion system was designed and tested in the conditions of the Kirov mine of ОАО Apatit.
Представлены результаты расчетов на ЭВМ энергетических характеристик проходческих комбайнов со сдвоенными корончатыми и шнековыми исполнительными органами. Приведены параметры исполнительных органов с минимальными удельными энергозатратами на разруше ние породы.
Разработанные конструкции промежуточных приводов с повышенной удельной тяговой способностью (отношение тягового усилия, развиваемого приводом, к его длине) характеризуются криволинейным профилем зоны контакта между бесконечной приводной и конвейерной лентами. Это позволяет тяговое усилие, передаваемое конвейерной ленте, реализовать не только за счет веса самой конвейерной ленте и находящегося на ней груза (как в известных конструкциях линейных приводов), но и за счет натяжения самой конвейерной ленты, огибающей выпуклый криволинейный профиль рабочей ветви приводной ленты при соответствующем угле обхвата. Причем угол обхвата, а значит и величина передаваемого конвейерной ленте тягового усилия, может автоматически регулироваться в зависимости от нагрузки на конвейерную ленту от веса транспортируемого ею груза путем изменения кривизны профиля рабочей ветви приводной ленты. Угол обхвата может быть увеличен при сочетании выпуклого и вогнутого участков конвейерной ленты.
Существующие методики расчетов ленточных конвейеров используют высокие значения коэффициентов запаса прочности лент: от 8 до 10. Это свидетельствует о приближенности расчетов, в частности, связанной с тем, что динамические силы в лентах, возникающие при пуске (остановке) конвейеров не учитываются. Учет динамики натяжений ленты особенно важен для расчета многоприводных, протяженных конвейеров, у которых приводные станции встроены в межленточное пространство и рассредоточены по длине конвейеров. Это способствовало бы более точному выбору типа лент и позволило бы получить экономический эффект от установки лент меньшей прочности или от снижения продолжительности пробуксовки привода.
Высокие капиталлоемкость и вес горных машин ставят задачу максимального снижения эксплуатационных затрат, включая затраты на монтажно-демонтажные работы (МДР). Задача состоит в выборе критерия оценки эффективности разрабатываемых новых технологий МДР и средств их технической реализации. Формирование такого критерия предполагает использование элементов праксеологического анализа на основе исследования эффективности совершаемых действий посредством анализа взаимосвязей между целью и результатом действия.
В настоящее время в СССР ведутся работ по созданию средств для поиска, разведки и освоения минеральных ресурсов Мирового океана ...
Эффективность эксплуатации конвейерного транспорта может быть значительно повышена за счет применения многоприводных ленточных конвейеров (МПЛК), которые позволяют использовать полностью ширину лент, применять ленты пониженной прочности, а также значительно снижать стоимость горно- капитальных работ за счет устранения перегрузочных пунктов ...
В последние годи в странах с развитой горно-добывающей промышленностью (СССР, США, ФРГ, Япония, ЧССР) интенсивно ведутся работы по созданию и внедрению многоприводных ленточных конвейеров (МГНК), позволяющих транспортировать сыпучие грузы на значительные расстояния без перегрузки ...
Совершенствование конвейерного транспорта горнодобывающей промышленности как при открытых, так и при подземных разработках идет по пути неуклонного увеличения длины ленточных конвейеров в одном ставе с целью снижения числа перегрузочных пунктов и транспортных звеньев в конвейерных линиях ...
В 1975 г. на угольных шахтах была введена система учета ремонтов и замен деталей горных машин. Учет предусматривалось проводить с помощью нарядов-рапортов, в которых указывается наименование и число заменяемых деталей и время простоя оборудования, связанное с проведением ремонтных работ ...
