The research focused on the composition of tourmaline from tin ore deposits and ore occurrences within the Verkhneurmiysky ore cluster in the Amur region. The aim of the study is to determine the indicative signs of tourmaline from cassiterite-quartz and cassiterite-silicate formations. This research is based on the materials of a long-term study of the mineralogy of the Far East deposits, conducted at the Mining University under the scientific supervision of Professor Yu.B.Marin. The relevance of the study involves predicting of tin and associated mineralization. For the first time, SIMS and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to study tourmaline from this region. We identified the typomorphic characteristics of the tourmaline composition, which are proposed to be used as indicators of tin-ore deposits. Typomorphic characteristics of tourmaline from cassiterite-quartz formation: schorl (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.06) with a high content of Al and K; Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺ + Fe²⁺) = 0.03; ^ZFe³⁺ = 1 %; impurities: Nb, LREE (La, Ce, Pr), Be, Bi, F, Li, and Mn; LREE content > 9 ppm; positive Gd anomaly. Typomorphic characteristics of tourmaline from cassiterite-silicate formation: schorl-dravite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.22) with a high Ca content; Fe³⁺ / (Fe³⁺ + Fe²⁺) = 0.17; ^ZFe³⁺ = 9 %; impurities: Zr, Y, Cr, V, Sn, In, Pb, W, Mo, Ti, HREE, Eu, Sr, Sb, and Sc; the content of Y is > 2 ppm, of HREE is > 3 ppm, Eu is > 0.1 ppm.

While organizing the ore preparation system and selecting optimal methods for minerals separation, it is necessary to take into account typomorphic characteristics and properties of minerals and their aggregates that determine mineralogical and technological features of ore types and grades. Fine-dispersed ore is included into the process flow sheet; accounting particle size becomes the determining factor in ore processing technologies. With disintegration of mineral aggregate, disclosure of intergrowths, and release of intergrowth surface, its structure is relaxed to form new bonds. Mineral individual boundary can «open an individual» for its decomposition (dissolution) or growth; it can take over the functions of grain volume conservation. Adapting the aggregate to the external environment is due to the change in orientation, length and area of boundaries of individuals and the buffer zone of their intergrowth. All structural changes in mineral aggregate proceed in accordance with the energy balance of individual boundaries and boundaries of their intergrowth; therewith, substance, crystal lattice of mineral individuals are being «refined», its defects and dislocations are being annihilated. In the process of relaxation of the structure of a mineral, another mineral can arise, which individuals can remain in a dispersed state or be capable of aggregation depending on the energy balance of their boundaries and the matrix. Ontogenetic approach to the assessment of the features of mineral individuals and aggregates serves the purpose of restoration of ore-formation environment, provides a choice of optimum conditions of the disclosure of useful component grains, when in addition to the grain size, their shape, intergrowth nature, features of the boundaries of intergrowing minerals, heterogeneities of the composition and properties of mineral individuals are taken into account.

Matrix systematic of the rare-metals granite magmatism and related ore metallization is represented as a table, where geodynamic types of intrusive groups form columns, and genetic types of ore metallization – lines (from rare-metal volcanites, granites and pegmatites to weathering crusts and placers). Cells in crossing of lines and columns include as well known so probable geological-industrial types of ore deposits. Analysis of this table shows which types of deposits may be combined in clusters, and which ones correspond to principally different ore-magmatic systems and, thus, can’t occur in a common cluster (except in combination of diachronous groups). Regularities of the rare-metal granites distribution through geological time correlate with the direct evolution of geodynamic environments in the Earth’s history.

The main objects of the research were the deposits of noble and non-ferrous metals of the Urals, Siberia and Novaya Zemlya. It is shown that the study of the variability of the material composition and stereometric features of ores (with computer modeling of the most important types of mineral aggregates) in the geological space is extremely important to reduce losses of useful components, predict the technological properties of mineral raw materials and identify the conditions of ore formation.

The main objects of the research were the deposits of noble and non-ferrous metals of the Urals, Siberia and Novaya Zemlya. It is shown that the establishment of a pomineral balance of distribution of chemical elements in ores, the study of variability of the material composition and stereometric features of ores in the geological space is extremely important to solve the problems of rational use of ore deposits and the prediction of environmental consequences of their development. When assessing the environmental impact of the deposits involved in the exploration and exploitation, both the regularities of distribution of toxic elements and minerals in the volumes of ore bodies and fields, and landscape-geochemical conditions determining the factors of migration and accumulation of these components after their extraction on the earth surface should be taken into account. For geological-economic and environmental forecasting it is necessary to accumulate materials on the distribution of impurity elements, sometimes not playing a role in assessing the industrial importance of deposits, but leading to the emergence of various man-made geochemical anomalies in areas of exploration and mining operations, as well as the formation of man-made deposits in places of waste storage of concentration plants and metallurgical plants.

The paper considers the main factors affecting the assessment and forecast of the environmental situation in the exploration and development of ore deposits. The data on the composition of soils, water and bottom sediments in some large mining areas (Norilsk, Komsomolsk, etc.) are presented. It is shown that the variability of mineral and chemical composition of ores and host rocks within the subsurface is one of the most important factors both for solving the problem of rational use of mineral deposits and for predicting the environmental consequences of their mining.

The article considers the main directions of research in the analysis of the regularities of the location, properties and state of the main types of deposits of solid minerals in Russia. A summary of the available data on the main patterns of variability of both individual minerals and aggregates in the main types of endogenous ore deposits is made. Mineralogical features of large and unique deposits connected with granite magmatism are analyzed. It is concluded that their formation was determined by the long-term evolution of deep fluid systems serving as a means of mantle-core interaction and redistribution of matter in the Earth's crust. The principles of granite pegmatites analysis and methods of its carrying out are offered. The computational modeling of the processes of structure formation during magma solidification using the Monte Carlo method has been carried out. The possibilities of application of fractal analysis to solve the problems of ore geology are investigated. Possibilities of quantitative assessment of morphology of ore bodies are shown. Methods of studying and modeling of anomalous geochemical fields associated with mineral deposits are outlined. Tasks of geological exploration and prospecting works in connection with the further development of the coal industry are given.

The state of the problem and approaches to forecasting of rare-metal mineralization are analyzed, the principles and methods of forecasting are discussed, it is shown that forecasting of endogenous, including rare-metal, deposits should be based on system analysis, modeling and geocybernetic (quantitative) approach.

Until now, the degree of study of intrusive massifs, with which associated with a variety of endogenous mineralization, remains insufficient to meet many of the demands of science and practice. In this regard, it is necessary to further improve the methods and techniques of study of these formations and, first of all, methods and techniques of field study of intrusions in the process of their geological survey.

In the geologic history of the Earth, it is currently accepted to distinguish five stages of tectonomagmatic evolution.

The name of Academician A.N. Zavaritsky, one of the greatest scientists of our country, is associated with a significant stage in the development of Soviet petrography and geology of ore deposits.

In recent years, the diversity of ideas about the principles of magmatic formations, their relationship with tectonic structures, sequence and conditions of occurrence, the relationship with them mineral deposits, etc. has increased markedly.

The article deals with the peculiarities of distribution and behavior of manganese in genetically related series of Caledonian granitoids of Northern Kazakhstan, combining three intrusive complexes of Middle-Upper Ordovician-Krykkuduk (granodiorites), Lower Devonian-Borovsky (normal biotite granites) and Middle Devonian-Balkashinsky (leucocratic and alaskite granites).

Zircon is an important mineral and one of the most common accessory minerals of igneous rocks. It has been studied in many different directions. Some researchers are trying to use accessory zircon to correlate granitoid massifs, others - to clarify the magmatic or metasomatic way of formation of granites, others see in zircon the key to clarify the sources of demolition.

Zerendinsky pluton-one of the largest and most interesting granitoid massifs of Kazakhstan. The first information about the geological structure of the Zerendinsky massif was obtained in the late XIX century as a result of studies by G. G. Anzimirov, A. A. Krasnopolsky and others. In subsequent years, the works of I. S. Yagovkin, P. I. Preobrazhensky, A. S. Krasilnikov, E. D. Shlygin, P. N. Kropotkin, Y. A. Bilibin and T. V. Bilibina laid the foundations of knowledge about the most general features of the massif structure, its morphology and age. More systematic and detailed studies began in 1949, when the staff of the North Kazakhstan expedition of the MGRI began to compile geological maps 1 :200 000 scale in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan, including within the Zerendinsk massif. Generalization of the wide material obtained in the process of these works and additional studies allowed R. D. Gavrilin to establish three intrusive complexes among granitoids of the Zerendinsky massif. However, on the geologic map compiled by him, the distribution of the isolated varieties is often erroneously indicated, the separation of phases within the complexes is not sufficiently substantiated. This led to the fact that almost all the researchers who studied the Zerendinsky massif later, the dissection scheme proposed by R. D. Gavrilin, was used by almost all the researchers who studied the Zerendinsky massif. D. Gavrilin was rejected. The schemes of the listed authors differ from each other in many details, but are similar in the allocation of only two intrusive complexes ...

As it is known, promising for crystal pegmatites are usually postorogenic, usually interformational, isometric in plan, shallowly eroded massifs of granites of essentially quartz-microcline composition with increased content of volatiles, formed in conditions of shallow depths. Our studies on more than thirty granitoid massifs allow us to refine some of these regional prospecting assumptions ...