The research focused on the composition of tourmaline from tin ore deposits and ore occurrences within the Verkhneurmiysky ore cluster in the Amur region. The aim of the study is to determine the indicative signs of tourmaline from cassiterite-quartz and cassiterite-silicate formations. This research is based on the materials of a long-term study of the mineralogy of the Far East deposits, conducted at the Mining University under the scientific supervision of Professor Yu.B.Marin. The relevance of the study involves predicting of tin and associated mineralization. For the first time, SIMS and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to study tourmaline from this region. We identified the typomorphic characteristics of the tourmaline composition, which are proposed to be used as indicators of tin-ore deposits. Typomorphic characteristics of tourmaline from cassiterite-quartz formation: schorl (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.06) with a high content of Al and K; Fe 3+ /(Fe 3+ + Fe 2+ ) = 0.03; Z Fe 3+ = 1 %; impurities: Nb, LREE (La, Ce, Pr), Be, Bi, F, Li, and Mn; LREE content > 9 ppm; positive Gd anomaly. Typomorphic characteristics of tourmaline from cassiterite-silicate formation: schorl-dravite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.22) with a high Ca content; Fe 3+ / (Fe 3+ + Fe 2+ ) = 0.17; Z Fe 3+ = 9 %; impurities: Zr, Y, Cr, V, Sn, In, Pb, W, Mo, Ti, HREE, Eu, Sr, Sb, and Sc; the content of Y is > 2 ppm, of HREE is > 3 ppm, Eu is > 0.1 ppm. The formation conditions of the cassiterite-silicate ore mineralization were more oxidizing than those of the cassiterite-quartz one. Tourmaline, formed under oxidizing conditions, contains such impurities as Sn, In, Nb, Bi, Sc, and LREE. The content of Sn isomorphic impurity in tourmaline reaches 8000 ppm.
While organizing the ore preparation system and selecting optimal methods for minerals separation, it is necessary to take into account typomorphic characteristics and properties of minerals and their aggregates that determine mineralogical and technological features of ore types and grades. Fine-dispersed ore is included into the process flow sheet; accounting particle size becomes the determining factor in ore processing technologies. With disintegration of mineral aggregate, disclosure of intergrowths, and release of intergrowth surface, its structure is relaxed to form new bonds. Mineral individual boundary can «open an individual» for its decomposition (dissolution) or growth; it can take over the functions of grain volume conservation. Adapting the aggregate to the external environment is due to the change in orientation, length and area of boundaries of individuals and the buffer zone of their intergrowth. All structural changes in mineral aggregate proceed in accordance with the energy balance of individual boundaries and boundaries of their intergrowth; therewith, substance, crystal lattice of mineral individuals are being «refined», its defects and dislocations are being annihilated. In the process of relaxation of the structure of a mineral, another mineral can arise, which individuals can remain in a dispersed state or be capable of aggregation depending on the energy balance of their boundaries and the matrix. Ontogenetic approach to the assessment of the features of mineral individuals and aggregates serves the purpose of restoration of ore-formation environment, provides a choice of optimum conditions of the disclosure of useful component grains, when in addition to the grain size, their shape, intergrowth nature, features of the boundaries of intergrowing minerals, heterogeneities of the composition and properties of mineral individuals are taken into account. It is resulted in the appearance of new opportunities of profitable and more environmentally friendly mining, ore potential revaluation towards lowering the grade, determination of cost-effective range of components extracted simultaneously.
Matrix systematic of the rare-metals granite magmatism and related ore metallization is represented as a table, where geodynamic types of intrusive groups form columns, and genetic types of ore metallization – lines (from rare-metal volcanites, granites and pegmatites to weathering crusts and placers). Cells in crossing of lines and columns include as well known so probable geological-industrial types of ore deposits. Analysis of this table shows which types of deposits may be combined in clusters, and which ones correspond to principally different ore-magmatic systems and, thus, can’t occur in a common cluster (except in combination of diachronous groups). Regularities of the rare-metal granites distribution through geological time correlate with the direct evolution of geodynamic environments in the Earth’s history.
The main objects of the research were the deposits of noble and non-ferrous metals of the Urals, Siberia and Novaya Zemlya. It is shown that the study of the variability of the material composition and stereometric features of ores (with computer modeling of the most important types of mineral aggregates) in the geological space is extremely important to reduce losses of useful components, predict the technological properties of mineral raw materials and identify the conditions of ore formation.
The main objects of the research were the deposits of noble and non-ferrous metals of the Urals, Siberia and Novaya Zemlya. It is shown that the establishment of a pomineral balance of distribution of chemical elements in ores, the study of variability of the material composition and stereometric features of ores in the geological space is extremely important to solve the problems of rational use of ore deposits and the prediction of environmental consequences of their development. When assessing the environmental impact of the deposits involved in the exploration and exploitation, both the regularities of distribution of toxic elements and minerals in the volumes of ore bodies and fields, and landscape-geochemical conditions determining the factors of migration and accumulation of these components after their extraction on the earth surface should be taken into account. For geological-economic and environmental forecasting it is necessary to accumulate materials on the distribution of impurity elements, sometimes not playing a role in assessing the industrial importance of deposits, but leading to the emergence of various man-made geochemical anomalies in areas of exploration and mining operations, as well as the formation of man-made deposits in places of waste storage of concentration plants and metallurgical plants.
The paper considers the main factors affecting the assessment and forecast of the environmental situation in the exploration and development of ore deposits. The data on the composition of soils, water and bottom sediments in some large mining areas (Norilsk, Komsomolsk, etc.) are presented. It is shown that the variability of mineral and chemical composition of ores and host rocks within the subsurface is one of the most important factors both for solving the problem of rational use of mineral deposits and for predicting the environmental consequences of their mining.
The article considers the main directions of research in the analysis of the regularities of the location, properties and state of the main types of deposits of solid minerals in Russia. A summary of the available data on the main patterns of variability of both individual minerals and aggregates in the main types of endogenous ore deposits is made. Mineralogical features of large and unique deposits connected with granite magmatism are analyzed. It is concluded that their formation was determined by the long-term evolution of deep fluid systems serving as a means of mantle-core interaction and redistribution of matter in the Earth's crust. The principles of granite pegmatites analysis and methods of its carrying out are offered. The computational modeling of the processes of structure formation during magma solidification using the Monte Carlo method has been carried out. The possibilities of application of fractal analysis to solve the problems of ore geology are investigated. Possibilities of quantitative assessment of morphology of ore bodies are shown. Methods of studying and modeling of anomalous geochemical fields associated with mineral deposits are outlined. Tasks of geological exploration and prospecting works in connection with the further development of the coal industry are given.
Проанализированы состояние проблемы и подходы к прогнозированию редкометального оруденения, обсуждены принципы и методике прогнозирования, показано, что прогнозирование эндогенных, в том числе редкометальных, месторождений должно базироваться на системном анализе, моделировании в геокибернетическом (количественном) подходе.
До сих пор степень изученности интрузивных массивов, с которыми ассоциирует разнообразное эндогенное оруденение, остается недостаточной для удовлетворения многих запросов науки и практики. В связи с этим необходимо дальнейшее совершенствование методов и методик исследования этих образований и в первую очередь способов и приемов полевого изучения интрузий в процессе их геологической съемки ...
В геологической истории Земли в настоящее время принято выделять пять стадий тектономагматической эволюции ...
С именем академика А.Н. Заварицкого, одного из крупнейших ученых нашей страны, связан значительный этап в развитии советской петрографии и геологии рудных месторождений ...
В последние годы заметно увеличилось разнообразие представлений о принципах выделения магматических формаций, их связи с тектоническими структурами, последовательности и условиях возникновения, связи с ними месторождений полезных ископаемых и т.д.
В статье рассматриваются особенности распределения и поведения марганца в генетически связанной серии каледонских гранитоидов Северного Казахстана, объединяющей три интрузивных комплекса средне-верхнеордовикский—крыккудукский (гранодиориты), нижнедевонский—боровской (нормальные биотитовые граниты) и среднедевонский—балкашинский (лейкократовые и аляскитовые граниты) ...
Циркон — важное полезное ископаемое и один из наиболее распространенных акцессорных минералов изверженных пород. Изучение его ведется в самых различных направлениях. Ряд исследователей пытается использовать акцессорный циркон для корреляции гранитоидных массивов, другие — для выяснения магматического или метасоматического способа образования гранитов, третьи видят в цирконе ключ для выяснения источников сноса ...
Зерендинский плутон—один из крупнейших и интереснейших гранитоидных массивов Казахстана. Первые сведения о геологическом строении Зерендинского массива были получены еще в конце XIX в. в результате исследований Г. Г. Анзимирова, А. А. Краснопольского и др. В последующие годы работами И. С. Яговкина, П. И. Преображенского, А. С. Красильникова, Е. Д. Шлыгина, П. Н. Кропоткина, Ю. А. Билибина и Т. В. Билибиной были заложены основы знания о наиболее общих особенностях строения массива, его морфологии и возрасте. Более планомерные и детальные исследования начались с 1949 г., когда сотрудники Северо- Казахстанской экспедиции МГРИ приступили к составлению геологических карт 1 :200 000 масштаба на территории Северного Казахстана, в том числе и в пределах Зерендинского массива. Обобщение широкого материала, полученного в процессе этих работ, и дополнительные исследования позволили Р. Д. Гаврилину установить среди гранитоидов Зерендинского массива три интрузивных комплекса. Однако на составленной им геологической карте распространение выделенных разностей указано зачастую ошибочно, выделение фаз внутри комплексов проведено недостаточно обоснованно. Это привело к тому, что практически всеми исследователями, изучавшими впоследствии Зерендинский массив, схема расчленения, предложенная Р. Д. Гаврилиным, была отвергнута. Схемы перечисленных авторов отличаются друг от друга многими деталями, но сходны в выделении только двух интрузивных комплексов ...
Как известно, перспективными на хрусталеносные пегматиты обычно являются посторогенные, обычно межформационные, изометрячные в плане, неглубоко эродированные массивы гранитов существенно кварц-микроклинового состава с повышенным содержанием летучих, образованные в условиях небольших глубин. Наши исследования на территории более чем тридцати гранитоидных массивов позволяют уточнить некоторые из этих региональных поисковых предпосылок ...
