Vol 70 Iss. 2

Mining areas are characterized by significant changes in the natural environment. Extraction of large volumes of minerals and ore-bearing rocks, as well as underground water from the subsurface disturbs the natural conditions of rock occurrence, promoting the development of complex physical, chemical and engineering-geological processes and phenomena in the Earth's crust.

Almost ubiquitous companion of mining solid minerals is a deliberate or spontaneous drainage of rock massifs, a sharp disruption of the natural regime of aquifers and surface water bodies. ...

There are a number of domestic and foreign mineral deposits, the development of which creates large areas of undrained host rocks above the stoped-out spaces. There is a serious problem of their possible impact on neighboring mine workings and on surface natural objects and engineering structures. ...

The scale of production, great depth and the achieved intensity of deepening of open-pit mining operations have determined the need for a new approach to solving the problem of ensuring long-term stability of open-pit slopes - the development of the theory of control of the state of the sides of open-pit mines, which implies a system of basic scientific ideas on purposeful technological and special impact on the sides of open-pit mine workings. ...

The development of mining operations at the deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) inevitably leads to fundamental transformations of natural conditions of a large territory of the central regions of the European part of the USSR. The processes accompanying large-scale earthworks and deep drainage of the section should be considered comprehensively, without being limited to the interests of mineral extraction. Often the consequences of mining operations are so important that the choice of the method of field development depends on them. For example, for the Belgorod group of deposits, the possibility of open-pit mining is limited by the problem of spoil dumps and the inevitable disruption of hydrogeologic conditions and water supply over large areas. ...

Provision of iron ore raw materials for ferrous metallurgy in the next five-year period is envisaged mainly through the further development of open-pit mining. Of greatest importance will be quarries, developing the deep part of large deposits, which by 1980 will account for about 75% of the total volume of rock mass, developed by the open method, and 85-90% of this volume will be represented by rocks. ...

The production of surface mining in some areas is accompanied by the reclamation of hydraulic fills , which are often located on fertile land. The return of the territories to agriculture is connected with the duration of consolidation of the dredged rocks to a state that allows the movement of equipment on them. ...

A special place in the problem of protection and rational use of the subsurface is occupied by the development of mineral deposits by the open-pit method. Under the influence of mining operations there occur deep qualitative changes in the engineering-and-geological conditions of open-pit fields and adjacent areas, which go far beyond the boundaries of the deposits. ...

One of the main objects requiring protection from pollution is natural waters. First of all, surface waters are subject to pollution. They are polluted both as a result of the direct release of industrial wastes into water bodies, as well as by the erosion of contaminated landscapes by flood and rainwater. ...

The most important feature of mining of mineral deposits is the exceptional scale of the area of influence of mining systems. The length of mine workings and the depth interval of their location can be measured in many hundreds of meters and kilometers. In this regard, a reliable prediction of the engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions of mining is unthinkable without taking into account the regularities of the spatial variability of the composition, state and properties of rocks. ...

In mining, water bodies are usually referred to surface streams and water bodies, aquifers and flooded workings, threatening the production of mining operations or being of national economic value (protected). Mining operations under water bodies have a harmful effect on them, disturbing the equilibrium of natural conditions as a result of rock movement, causing drainage of underground and surface waters by mine workings and subsidence of the earth's surface. At the same time, the extraction of minerals under water bodies threatens the normal operation of the mining enterprise and the safety of people.

The development of surface mining operations entails significant changes in the natural and geological environment: landscape, geological structure, hydrogeological conditions and the geodynamic state of the territories. The exclusion from the sphere of agricultural use of the land occupied by mining allotments as valuable land, depletion of water supply sources, intensification of wind erosion and burial of soil and vegetation cover by deflation products of dump masses cause significant damage to the national economy and worsen the sanitary and hygienic conditions of vast areas. ...

Lebedinsky and Yuzhno-Lebedinsky open pits of the KMAruda Combine are part of the Lebedinsky mine. When developing these open pits, along with dry mining methods, hydromechanization means are also used (in Yuzhno-Lebedinsky up to 100%, and in Lebedinsky about 10% of the total overburden). ...

In the bases of multi-level dumps three complexes of rocks characterized by different physical and mechanical properties are clearly distinguished. The first complex is represented by modern soils of floodplain terraces of river valleys and gullies. Its thickness is 0.5-15 m. The soils of this complex are fully water-saturated, highly compressible and have extremely low shear resistance. They form weakening zones in the bases of dumps, where creep phenomena and extrusion landslides develop. The soils of this complex require special engineering measures aimed at drainage and strengthening. ...

Dumping at KMA quarries is characterized by wide development of design and construction of high multi-level dumps of large capacity; application of powerful high-performance machinery of cyclic and continuous action; formation of dumps from various, in many cases weak overburden rocks on weak bases. To determine the optimal parameters of dumps under the conditions of stability requires the solution of not only static, but also dynamic and kinematic problems. ...

In construction practice, the most common method of calculating foundation settlement recommended by SNiP is the layer-by-layer summation method, taking into account only the maximum axial compressive stresses under the condition that lateral expansion of the soil is impossible. The essence of it is that under the center of the loaded site **a vertical prism is mentally allocated** in the ground **with a cross-section of unity** and **a** height from the level of the footing to the depth of the active zone of compression to the bedrock. ...

The growth of open pit mining will entail an increase in the volume of waste rock stored in dumps. The largest **share of the** volume of extraction will **be accounted for by** large quarries developing deep parts of deposits. The annual volume of waste rocks at some enterprises will reach 20**–**100 million **m³** in loose condition by 2000, which will require additional areas for dumps **of** 2 to 9 thousand hectares per year. ...

Engineering-geological zoning of deposits at the initial stage is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of very limited engineering-geological data. The use of natural analogs creates a real possibility of forecasting the engineering-geological conditions of quarry fields. The advantage of this method is in preserving in the analogue all the versatility of the internal relations of geological phenomena and processes. At the same time, the method of natural analogues, organically combining theoretical research, geological field observations and accumulated experience, provides the necessary specificity of forecasts. ...

In relation to the stability of slopes there are terms: landslide, deformation and disturbance of stability. Different authors put non-identical content in those. The most used term is “landslide”, although K. Tertzaghi noted the limitations of this definition in relation to natural slopes and artificial excavations. To an even greater extent, this is true for surface mines. ...

Coal seams subject to splitting there are almost in all coal basins, including Donetsk. The nature of splitting and the causes that caused it, studied by many researchers. G.F. Krasheninnikov reduced the morphological types of splitting of thick coal seams to the following main cases: 1) a seam, gradually thinning, wedges out; 2) splitting bundle; 3) splitting with the upper seam; 4) splitting with the lower seam. ...

The effectiveness of engineering-geological research in mineral exploration depends largely on the correct and timely establishment of the most significant geological and other factors, as well as ways to take them into account in order to predict the processes and phenomena accompanying the industrial development of deposits. ...

Currently, only two large deposits of the Turgai ore belt - Sokolovskoye and Sarbaiskoye - are being developed. However, the development of Kacharskoye, Lomonosovskoye, Kurzhunkulskoye and other new deposits is envisaged in the coming years. Due to the similar geological and structural setting of the deposits of this group, the patterns of changes in the engineering-and-geological conditions of the development of Sokolovskoye and Sarbaiskoye deposits can be used in the design of new mining enterprises. ...

The field of the Leninsky Komsomol mine is located in the central part of the Kyzyl-Kiyskiy lignite district. The geological structure of the area involves Paleozoic, Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments overlain by Quaternary boulder-pebble formations. ...

The huge scale of industrial and residential construction carried out in our country as a whole and directly in the Karaganda basin, contributes to a detailed study of the soils of the bases of buildings and structures to address the issue of the most rational use of them. ...

The Orenburg gas condensate field is located in the zone of junction of such large tectonic elements of the Earth's crust as the Volga-Ural anteclise, the Pre-Caspian syneclise and the Pre-Ural foredeep. . The deposit is confined to the Orenburg shaft uplift, which is consistent with the Sol-Iletsky ledge of the crystalline basement. ...

Development of alluvial deposits of minerals is almost always connected with the necessity to include large volumes of surface water in the working cycle of mining enterprises. In the process of open pit mining, process water is enriched with a large amount of suspended material, the content of which in some cases reaches 15-20 g/L. A significant part of these process waters is returned to the river network. Annually within the Magadan region only from washing of metal-bearing placers 1-1,2 billion m³ of process water enters the river network. ...

At the development of mineral deposits the systems with open stoping space are widely used, as a result of which cavities of significant sizes are formed in rock massifs. This creates an immediate danger when working in areas adjacent to the excavated spaces, and threatens buildings, structures, and sites located on the surface. ...

The influence of the peculiarities of the geological structure of deposits with thick lignite seams on the engineering-geological conditions of their development was considered mainly from the standpoint of the stability of pit slopes or dewatering without taking into account all aspects of this problem. ...