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Date submitted2002-08-16
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Date accepted2002-09-24
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Date published2003-11-13
On the concept of creating a lidar-radar complex for the detection and control of gas pollution in the atmosphere
The physical basics of creating a lidar-radar complex for detecting gas pollutants in the atmosphere and controlling the state of the atmosphere are considered. To increase the reliability of remote measurements, a complex use of equipment operating in different spectral ranges is proposed. The combination of lidar and radar systems will make it possible to reliably determine concentrations of multicomponent atmospheric pollutants (using a lidar subsystem of differential absorption) and evaluate the speed and direction of their transfer (using a radar subsystem of meter range) and thereby obtain comprehensive information characterizing the operational environmental situation in the monitored area.
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Date submitted2002-08-25
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Date accepted2002-09-15
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Date published2003-11-13
Quantification, normalization and regulation of multifactorial anthropogenic impacts on freshwater ecosystems
Methods for quantitative study, assessment, rationing and selection of measures for regulation of multifactorial anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems of freshwater reservoirs and watercourses have been developed. Reaction of biota to influence is estimated by a condition of macrozoobenthos as the most sensitive bioindicator, and the influence itself is estimated by the special indicator taking into account effect of interaction of factors. The regulation of multifactorial impact is based on identifying its maximum permissible level, which does not cause irreversible changes in macrozoobenthos. Regulation of the impact is aimed at reducing it to the maximum permissible combinations of interacting factors to achieve a safe level of their joint biotic effect.
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Date submitted2002-08-15
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Date accepted2002-09-30
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Date published2003-11-13
Peculiarities of economic evaluation of urban underground space
- Authors:
- V. A. Umnov
- M. S. Rudyak
Intensive development of underground space in large cities causes the necessity of its economic assessment taking into account environmental factors. Development of methodological bases of ecological and economic evaluation of underground space requires analysis and consideration of its features as a natural and economic resource. Urban underground space is formed under the influence of two environments (urban environment and the subsoil) and has the properties inherent in both. Features of the urban environment are a large concentration of people, the specificity of the use of space and the high variability of conditions over time. The subsoil is characterized, as a rule, a high density of the environment and isolation from the surface.
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Date submitted2002-08-16
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Date accepted2002-09-15
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Date published2003-11-13
Television and computer training and research complex to assess the characteristics of traffic flows in the system of environmental monitoring of the urban air environment
- Authors:
- B. S. Timofeev
The integrated atmospheric pollution index (API) of St. Petersburg ranges from 6 to 14, while an API index of less than 5 is considered the norm. Each year, more than 260 thousand tons of pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere of the city. According to the proposed methodology of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation for determining the mass emission of pollutants into the air by motor vehicles, the original data should be obtained with an automated television and computer complex using modern information technology, which is much cheaper and more efficient than the currently used methods. Studies show the great efficiency of the complex, both in terms of the speed of obtaining data for the analysis of atmospheric pollution and the sufficient accuracy of these results.
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Date submitted2002-08-02
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Date accepted2002-09-15
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Date published2003-11-13
Ultrawideband sensing of forest canopy
- Authors:
- E. D. Telpukhovskii
- V. P. Yakubov
At present, there is an increasing role of aerospace information technology, based on the use of radio engineering systems in the microwave range of radio waves, in solving the problems of environmental protection, in particular in assessing the biological and ecological state of the boreal forests of the planet. An electrophysical model of the forest canopy is required to adequately assess the state of the forest cover based on aerospace sensing data. Experimental results of ultra-wideband radar sensing of the "reference scene" of larch forest canopy, which can become the initial data for the construction of the forest canopy electrophysical model, are described.
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Date submitted2002-08-08
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Date accepted2002-09-20
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Date published2003-11-13
Monitoring computer control of wastewater
- Authors:
- Yu. I. Steblev
The basic elements of the experimental setup for computer monitoring of wastewater by degree of integral contamination have been developed. It is shown that the use of electric capacitive computer tomography makes it possible to perform local electrical sensing of the flow cross section, to realize separate assessment of organic and mineral contamination of waste water and thereby localize the source of pollution.
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Date submitted2002-08-12
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Date accepted2002-09-29
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Date published2003-11-13
Modern geodynamically active zones of the south of the East European platform and their impact on the environment
Geodynamically active zones include zones of tectonic stress concentration and crustal deformations. They are characterized by increased values of stress state of fracturing, permeability, engineering-geological properties of geological environment, as well as geophysical anomalies, specific development of related exogenous processes. As an example, the Seversk-Donets neotectonic zone of structural unconformities and increased geodynamic activity in the area of junction of the southern wing of the Voronezh arch with the Donetsk ridge and the Karpinsky rampart are considered. New data on the right thrust stresses in this zone, as well as mining-geological and geo-environmental aspects of its manifestation are discussed.
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Date submitted2002-08-17
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Date accepted2002-09-21
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Date published2003-11-13
Rapid environmental monitoring of water areas
- Authors:
- V. M. Sidorenko
- M. M. Shevelko
- D. V. Sidorenko
New methods of remote determination of the thickness, spill area and type of oil film on the water surface using fluorimetric lidar have been developed, providing monitoring of oil films in the thickness range from several micrometers to several tens of micrometers from a moving ship and a low-flying aircraft. The ultrasonic express-method has been developed for express measurement of films with thickness more than 100 micrometers. In realizing this method, measurements are made in real time by probing the water surface from a moving ship using an ultrasonic source and receiver placed under water. The efficiency of these methods has been studied experimentally in laboratory conditions with the use of different types of oil spilled on the water surface. The principles of constructing a biotechnical system for assessing the current state and forecasting the quality of water environments polluted by oil products are considered.
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Date submitted2002-08-25
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Date accepted2002-09-15
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Date published2003-11-13
Condition monitoring and management of environmentally hazardous facilities in mining and mineral processing
- Authors:
- M. A. Sereda
The system of integrated environmental monitoring of objects of high environmental risk in the exploration and operation of oil and gas wells is proposed. Outlined the methodological basis of observation, assessment and control over the state of the natural environment components in the impact zone of oil production enterprises. It was revealed that for reliable determination of the level of environmental hazard of oil and gas industry facilities requires a detailed study of the state of the landscape before the construction of wells and the characteristics of the processes that create a technogenic load on the environment. In order to prevent and eliminate the consequences of the negative impact of oil and gas industry facilities a number of new technological solutions are proposed at different stages of the field operation (for example, at the stages of prospecting, exploration and development of hard-to-reach deposits to reduce the technogenic load of cluster horizontal wells with a waste of up to 500 m from the vertical). In cases of emergencies we offer technologies for localization of oil spills, processing of oil-contaminated water and soils, recultivation of disturbed areas, utilization of toxic oily waste.
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Date submitted2002-08-26
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Date accepted2002-09-28
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Date published2003-11-13
System of continuous control (monitoring) and regulation of harmful gaseous emissions of TPP into the atmosphere
Monitoring of harmful industrial emissions is one of the main tools for determining the environmental characteristics of industrial facilities. Therefore, organization of systems for continuous monitoring of hazardous emissions (CMHE) of TPPs into the atmosphere is one of the priority tasks of the energy strategy of Russia. The subject of development is the system of continuous monitoring and regulation of TPPs harmful emissions into the atmosphere with flue gases. A CMHEconsists of automatic measuring complex for instrumental estimation of specific and gross emissions of harmful substances and information-computing complex, including hardware and software for information processing and providing various service functions. Using the system of continuous monitoring and regulation of emissions will reduce the negative impact of TPPs on the environment, as well as increase the efficiency of power equipment operation.
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Date submitted2002-08-14
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Date accepted2002-09-12
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Date published2003-11-13
Thermal and electrocatalytic devices to protect the atmosphere from toxic emissions
The compositions with high catalytic activity consisting of a carrier (foam material), an intermediate oxide layer, and a complex oxide catalytic coating were studied. On the basis of compositions of optimized compositions, thermocatalytic devices for neutralization of complex toxic substances in gases for the chemical industry, transport and heat power engineering were created. An electrocatalytic device for continuous dehydration of natural gas with electrolytic regeneration was developed, patented and successfully tested. The device enables uninterrupted operation of internal combustion engines using more environmentally friendly fuel in all climatic conditions.
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Date submitted2002-08-25
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Date accepted2002-09-20
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Date published2003-11-13
Synthesis of polyelectrolytes and polymer complexes of aluminum pentahydroxochloride, study of their flocculation properties
The kinetics of acrylamide polymerization in an aqueous solution of aluminum pentahydroxochloride representing a disperse system with polycharged aluminum aquahydroco-complexes as the main element was studied. The obtained reagent has a high efficiency in the separation of dispersed systems. The flocculation of activated sludge by polyelectrolyte copolymers based on poly-1,2-dimethyl-5-vinyl-pyridinium methyl sulfate was studied. The influence of flocculants on particle size distribution of activated sludge was studied by the method of optical microscopy and it was shown that the use of copolymers allows to increase the efficiency of dewatering and leads to the formation of strong floccules.
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Date submitted2002-08-16
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Date accepted2002-09-09
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Date published2003-11-13
Assessment of environmental damage to the population from atmospheric emissions of the enterprise by the method of risk assessment, taking into account environmental and epidemiological data in the conjugate system of plant - city
The problems of assessing environmental damage to the population from atmospheric emissions of the enterprise according to the method of end-to-end environmental analysis are considered. Unit risks per unit of concentration of a harmful substance for the most hazardous substances in the atmosphere are calculated. The results of calculation of environmental damage for the city of Pervouralsk (Sverdlovsk region) and Severouralsk copper smelter (SUMZ) in the coupled system plant - city by the improved methodology of through environmental analysis with risk assessment, taking into account environmental and epidemiological data, and by the draft new methodology of calculation of environmental fines proposed by the Russian Government are presented.
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Date submitted2002-08-09
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Date accepted2002-09-28
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Date published2003-11-13
Environmental-mathematical model for selecting the optimal characteristics of excavator-vehicle complex
The results of calculations of efficiency of application of the main methods of normalization of the atmosphere of the open pit are given. As an example, the conditions of open pit Udachny of AK Alrosa and the basic models of dump trucks with carrying capacity of 100-150 tons of domestic and foreign production are considered. The model and the developed medicine allow to substantiate the choice of optimal transport complex taking into account the dynamics of mining works, the environmental factor and various models of loading and transporting equipment.
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Date submitted2002-08-29
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Date accepted2002-09-14
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Date published2003-11-13
Simulation of water availability periods in the Volga and Caspian Sea basins to assess the state of water resources in the region
- Authors:
- I. V. Korablev
- K. P. Latyshenko
- V. I. Naidenov
Nonlinear mechanisms of multi-year fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level are described. It is shown that taking into account the dependence of the evaporation layer from the surface of the Volga basin on the soil moisture content and the evaporation layer from the sea surface on its level leads to a fundamentally new (chaotic) mechanism of oscillations and the appearance of several levels of gravity. It is noted that the stochastic Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov differential equations have a stationary bimodal level probability density. It is established that the random process characterizing sea level fluctuations at nonlinear dependence of evaporation rate on these fluctuations turns out to be non-Gaussian. The transitions induced by "noise" caused by nonlinear evaporation processes are described. A new nonlinear stochastic model of Caspian Sea level fluctuations based on predicted physical effects is proposed.
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Date submitted2002-08-15
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Date accepted2002-09-10
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Date published2003-11-13
System of integrated assessment of the environmental condition of objects based on GIS
The system of forming and obtaining complex assessments of the ecological state of environmental objects on the basis of heterogeneous data and modeling results, taking into account the characteristics of uncertainty was created. Based on the conducted metrological analysis of the main types of data, algorithms for the construction of a normalized space of estimates, which provide the formation of complex and comprehensive estimates based on the layer-by-layer organization of projects in the technology of geographic information systems, were implemented.
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Date submitted2002-08-16
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Date accepted2002-09-15
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Date published2003-11-13
Information and analytical system for monitoring potentially hazardous objects
A scientific, methodological and software and information base for the organization of environmental monitoring of potentially hazardous objects was created. The normative-methodical materials establishing the subject, content and order of organization of local monitoring on the objects of high ecological risk and in the zone of their direct influence were developed. The structure and composition of the information-analytical system with the use of geoinformation technologies were determined. The software of the data bank "Territorial register of potentially dangerous objects" was created.
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Date submitted2002-08-11
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Date accepted2002-09-27
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Date published2003-11-13
Development of laser methods and means of ecological monitoring of iodine isotopes in the atmosphere
- Authors:
- S. V. Kireev
- S. L. Shnyrev
The fluorescence of molecular iodine isotopes 129 I and 127 I excited by Kr- and Nd-lasers was studied. A laser fluorescence method for determining the concentration of iodine-129 in gaseous media in real time was proposed. The sensitivity of this method makes it possible to carry out reliable and prompt control of the technological process of irradiated nuclear fuel reprocessing at nuclear fuel cycle enterprises and ecological monitoring of the atmospheric air. The promising nature of the lidar (remote) method for detecting these isotopes in the atmosphere is shown.
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Date submitted2002-08-03
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Date accepted2002-09-20
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Date published2003-11-13
Development of methods and hardware for monitoring of water ecosystems state
A complex of express optical methods and apparatuses has been developed that make it possible to measure a wide class of hydrobiological, hydrophysical and hydrochemical characteristics of water bodies. An original complex of sorption-spectroscopic techniques for determination of toxicants in natural waters using methods of solid phase spectroscopy (diffuse reflection spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, solid phase spectrophotometry), atomic spectroscopy (atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy with luminescence spectroscopy spectroscopy), atomic spectroscopy (atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy with luminescence spectroscopy spectroscopy) and various other methods were developed. SR), chromatographic (ion chromatography) methods, On the basis of such multidisciplinary systems of rapid assessment of ecological condition and functioning of ecosystems, quality of surface waters the analytical, hardware and information support for monitoring and control of the quality of the natural environment was created.
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Date submitted2002-08-22
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Date accepted2002-09-24
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Date published2003-11-13
Use of electropulse technology in the production of oil pipeline pipes with corrosion protection
- Authors:
- V. F. Karpukhin
- V. A. Glushchenkov
The main share of accidents on oil pipelines, leading to serious negative environmental consequences, is associated with corrosion destruction of pipes. The most difficult task is corrosion protection of the welded joint of the pipes. The use of electric pulse technologies for fixing the elements of anticorrosive protection in butt-end areas of inner surface of pipes allows to increase the corrosion resistance of a pipeline and to decrease the expenses for its installation. The results of the conducted research allowed developing technological processes of fixing aluminum alloy protectors in pipes by means of magnetic-pulse welding, magnetic-pulse and electrohydropulse pressing of thin-walled stainless steel bushings into near-end sections of pipes, as well as creating the necessary equipment for implementing these processes.
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Date submitted2002-08-25
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Date accepted2002-09-03
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Date published2003-11-13
Development of the basis for the construction of acoustic-radar systems of remote sensing of the surrounding space for environmental monitoring tasks
- Authors:
- A. A. Kalmykov
- V. I. Elfimov
The basics of construction and use of radio acoustic remote sensing systems for environmental monitoring tasks are considered. Information about hardware, software and algorithmic support of the system is given. The advantages of the system include ultra-operational high-precision non-contact remote temperature and humidity measurements, correlation principles of wind speed measurements, adaptive algorithms of measurements at high altitudes, kitting with airborne radar stations.
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Date submitted2002-08-14
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Date accepted2002-09-07
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Date published2003-11-13
Physical principles of using electromagnetic radiation to clean the air from exhaust products of motor vehicles
- Authors:
- N. P. Kalashnikov
Theoretical and experimental studies of the resonant effects of electromagnetic fields on the combustion products of hydrocarbon compounds in motor vehicles have been conducted. The dependences of the influence of the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation (amplitude, frequency, polarization, modulation) on the detoxification of combustion products of automobile transport have been established.
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Date submitted2002-08-15
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Date accepted2002-09-10
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Date published2003-11-13
Statistical model of anomalous natural phenomena in a dynamically unstable climatic system based on space observations
- Authors:
- V. A. Golovko
- T. V. Kondranin
A statistical model of spatial and temporal variability of long- and short-wave components of the Earth's radiative balance (RBZ) has been developed. The model reflects main features of anomalous natural phenomena in dynamically unstable climatic system. Based on the data of space observations of the RBZ components obtained by different space systems, including Russian ones, the time series of global fields of both components of the outgoing radiation for the last 20 years is reconstructed. The possibility of predictability of the behavior of anomalous natural phenomena based on the study of remote (teleconnections) of the observed radiation processes in the energy active zones of the Earth and "other regions" of the globe is analyzed.
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Date submitted2002-08-10
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Date accepted2002-09-24
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Date published2003-11-13
Scientific and methodological justification and development of methods for determining the content of multicomponent organic compounds in air and water samples as applied to environmental monitoring tasks
- Authors:
- N. A. Gosteva
- M. Yu. Gosteva
- N. V. Maltseva
A unified methodological approach to the analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in various media (air, water, soil), implemented with the use of universal methodological and instrumental bases, is substantiated. The main analytical method is the highly sensitive multivariate capillary gas chromatography in combination with other effective processes (gas extraction, sorption concentration, thermal desorption, cryogenic focusing etc.) applied in the operational line for sampling, sample preparation, pulsed sample introduction etc. Based on the metrological studies of the proposed basic technique for the analysis of multicomponent impurities (27 compounds in air samples) the techniques for measurement in air and water samples of mixed substances: gasoline, kerosene, white spirit and solvent oil were developed. The suggested principles of universality and unification of the operating series provide intensification and cheapening of their ecological control and monitoring.
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Date submitted2002-08-11
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Date accepted2002-09-27
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Date published2003-11-13
Experimental model of fractured porous media for control of anthropogenic pollution of soils and subsurface soils
- Authors:
- I. P. Breus
- S. A. Neklyudov
- V. A. Breus
An apparatus for modeling mass transfer in fractured porous media has been developed to obtain parameters of retention and migration of anthropogenic pollutants in soils and pounds. It was tested in laboratory and field lysimetric experiments while studying the migration of hydrocarbons and heavy metals in loamy soils. The results of the project are planned to be introduced in the environmental control system of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Tatarstan as a new technology for monitoring of technogenic-contaminated soils and subsurface soils.