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Date submitted1948-06-29
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Date accepted1948-09-11
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Date published1948-07-14
Two options for using graticules for shaft orientation
- Authors:
- N. A. Gusev
Graticules are known in surveying practice under the name of Bratgun scales, to whom they were proposed for observing the fluctuations of the plumb line instead of the usual scales installed near the plumb lines. Bratgun's proposal was used for orientation through two mines and for this purpose, mining theodolites are equipped with an additional ocular elbow with a graticule and reticle. To use the graticule, the ocular pipe of the theodolite tube is replaced with a pipe with a graticule. The scale is applied mechanically or photographically to the glass. The price of one scale division depends on the focal length of the sighting tube; in mountain theodolites it is equal to about 50 "". The high accuracy of the scale strokes and the low cost of the scale divisions make it possible to use graticules not only when orienting through two shafts, but also through one. This article proposes a method for using graticules to solve one of the most important tasks in surveying: orienting mine surveys. This method introduces technical improvements in the production of orientation and reduces the time for its execution. The proposed methods of using graticules increase the speed of orientation, do not require capital and bulky platforms for scales, and allow the observer to make measurements and observations in the mine in better conditions.
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Date submitted1948-06-18
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Date accepted1948-09-01
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Date published1948-07-14
A note on tin deposit chlorites
- Authors:
- S. S. Smirnov
The author of this note has repeatedly emphasized the important role of ferruginous chlorites in the composition of the ores of a number of tin deposits. However, as the practice of prospecting shows, the existing information is still clearly insufficient. At present, there are sufficient grounds to assert that ferruginous chlorites are specifically characteristic minerals for a large group of tin deposits belonging to the so-called. cassiterite-sulfide formation. For example, in almost all ore-bearing areas of the vast northeastern metallogenic province we now know representatives of the “chlorite” variety of cassiterite-sulfide deposits. Also increasing the value of chloritization as a prospecting feature is the fact that chlorite-rich deposits are almost certainly some of the highest quality tin concentrations, both in terms of reserves and ore content. In any case, the percentage of industrially interesting objects in this group is very high. Thus, although ferruginous chlorites are not a monopoly on tin deposits, their value as a prospecting feature for tin ores remains almost in full force.
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Date submitted1948-07-14
-
Date accepted1948-09-05
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Date published1948-07-14
On the issue of the boundary between the Erunakovskaya and Ilyinskaya subformations of the Kuznetsk basin
- Authors:
- Yu. A. Zhemchuzhnikov
Currently, in the Kuznetsk basin, the boundary of productive (Erunakovskaya, Balakhonskaya) and unproductive formations and subformations is considered to be the last or first layer of working thickness (more than 0.70 m). However, recently a lot of data has accumulated that contradicts this assumption. The paleontological division will not coincide with the industrial one. A more objective criterion could be a quantitative, i.e. statistical, approach to various lithological features. Based on the idea of the cyclic structure of coal-bearing strata and knowing the differences between the typical cycles of the Ilyinskaya and Erunakovskaya subformations, primarily in scale, we made an attempt to statistically test changes in the average and maximum thickness of cycles in a specific section. Statistical, i.e. quantitative, analysis of a number of lithological characteristics (mainly thickness) reveals the possibility of establishing a sharp and fundamental boundary corresponding to a sharp change in the average amplitude of cycles. Other features of the cycles are closely and genetically related to this change, for example, the thickness of the basal sandstones of the continental facies, the thickness of coal seams, and therefore a sharp increase in the number of working seams, i.e. purely practical consequences. This allows us to recognize that it is more rational to draw the boundary of two subformations, Ilyinskaya and Yerunakovskaya, on the basis of the cyclicity of about 41 layers, which has a number of advantages (see article).
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Date submitted1948-07-01
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Date accepted1948-09-08
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Date published1948-07-14
Structure of the Ural-Emben region and its lignite deposits
- Authors:
- M. M. Tetyaev
The brown coal deposits of the Ural-Emben region, known since the last century, did not attract serious attention for a long time. And only in recent years, the growth of local industry in connection with the development of the raw material base of this area forced attention to these deposits. Brown coal deposits of the Ural-Emben region can be a serious energy base that fully meets the needs of a rapidly growing industry, freeing up oil and high-quality coal for their more rational use. In the specifics of geological exploration work in the Ural-Emben region, a major role is played by structural issues, covering, on the one hand, the structure of the entire region with the distribution of these deposits, and on the other hand, the structure of individual deposits, which is related to issues of their volume, quality and conditions of their use. Correct structural analysis of these forms is the main basis for their study and exploration. The present work is the first attempt at such an analysis. Lignite deposits of the Ural-Emben region are still in the initial stages of their study and use. The structural analysis we have given in this work of the entire region and its individual deposits goes towards the upcoming large-scale work of prospecting and exploration of new deposits.
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Date submitted1948-07-08
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Date accepted1948-09-13
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Date published1948-07-14
On the age of the Surak and Inoceramic stages
- Authors:
- V. I. Bodylevskii
Chekanovskii, during his trip to Olenek in 1875, established for the Mesozoic deposits, developed according to Olenek and Lena, two divisions, which he named: the lower (dark clayey shales with Inoceramus retrorsus) - the Surak stage and the upper (light gray sandstones with I retrorsus and aucellami) - the Inoceramic Stage. The first mention of this is in the article by Lagusen, who described the fauna of these deposits and came to the conclusion that in age they can be comparable with the Volgian stages, and the Inoceramic Stage is apparently even younger than the upper Volgian Stage. Later, D.N. Sokolov, in connection with the question of the age of I retrorsus, recognized that the Surak stage corresponds to the tops of the upper Volgian stage or Berriasian; but he was inclined to consider the Inoceramian Stage to be just a facies change in the Surak Stage, differing from it in the co-occurrence of Inoceramians and Aucellae or even in the predominance of the latter. The idea of the position of both Chekanovskii stages at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary or at the very bottom of the Lower Cretaceous was accepted by all subsequent authors and transferred to summary works on the geology of Siberia.
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Date submitted1948-06-24
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Date accepted1948-08-26
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Date published1948-07-14
Dispersed gold inclusions in iron sulfides
- Authors:
- I. N. Maslenitskii
The issue of reducing gold losses in tailings during the enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores is currently receiving special attention. The presence in most non-ferrous metal ores of significant quantities of pyrite, which goes simultaneously with gold into the tailings, gave reason to explain the loss of gold in the tailings by its close association with pyrite. It is necessary to establish whether gold is really closely associated with pyrite and is in such a finely disseminated state that it is not released during the most intensive grinding and remains inaccessible to solvents in subsequent hydrometallurgical processing operations. Experiments in the synthesis of gold sulfide and gold-containing iron sulfides have shown that pyrite and pyrrhotite formed at temperatures of 400 ° C are capable of including measurable amounts of finely dispersed gold, undetectable under a microscope even at the highest magnifications. Submicroscopic gold in some cases can be represented by sulfide dissolved in iron sulfides. Such finely dispersed gold in some cases may be a product of the decomposition of primary gold sulfide dissolved in iron sulfide. The form of gold released from pyrite in our experiments corresponds to the forms of natural gold in pyrites of some deposits.
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Date submitted1948-06-23
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Date accepted1948-08-15
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Date published1948-07-14
Some issues of electrical prospecting technology using low-frequency alternating current
- Authors:
- L. Ya. Nesterov
In the pre-war years, in the laboratories of the Department of Geophysical Exploration Methods of LOLGI, the development of new methods and new techniques for electrical prospecting using low and high frequency currents was carried out. A number of new electrical prospecting methods have been developed: a method for measuring anomalous fields at high frequencies, a method for measuring fields out of phase with the generator field, electrical profiling on alternating current with compensation for the normal field, etc. All of them are based on measuring only anomalous parts of the field, which leads to greater sensitivity of the methods and their extraordinary portability. At the same time, the technology and methodology of already existing electrical prospecting methods were developed and, for example, for the intensity method, equipment was designed that makes this modernized method completely different from the old method. Below are some results of some of the extensive work carried out (see article).
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Date submitted1948-06-28
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Date accepted1948-09-12
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Date published1948-07-14
Application of service curves to the design of an air lift for liquids
- Authors:
- A. P. German
Effective operation of an air lift must be ensured by the correct choice of its main elements; at present, however, such a choice based on calculation presents significant difficulties and is often made at random, without a guarantee of reliability. The reason for this lies in the imperfection of the existing theory of airlift operation. Or rather, a unified theory of this device, so simple in design, still does not exist: we can only talk about various theoretical studies based on different principles. All these studies, to a greater or lesser extent, suffer from unfoundedness, vagueness and even fallacy of their main provisions and assumptions, as well as experimental unverification. The objective of this work is to identify unacceptable provisions of these theories, and to re-construct the airlift theory on the principle of elastic emulsion expansion, eliminating errors inherent in previous works. At the present stage, however, it may already be possible to apply operational curves to airlift calculations, as we did in this work (see article).
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Date submitted1948-06-26
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Date accepted1948-09-06
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Date published1948-07-14
Determining the dimensions of inter-chamber pillars
- Authors:
- V. D. Slesarev
The issue of determining the size of inter-chamber pillars is a very important issue, since it is closely related to issues of mineral loss. Factors such as the width of the chambers, the length of the chambers, the height of the pillar, the cross-sectional shape of the pillar, the physical and mechanical characteristics of the pillar rock should be reflected directly in the calculation formulas, and such factors as the nature of the complex of roof and soil rocks, the characteristics of the immediate roof and soil, the presence of aquifers, the shape and area of the excavation site - should be reflected in determining the magnitude of the load on the pillar and the nature of the pillar's work and, finally, the duration of the pillar's operation, work with or without backfilling of chambers, excavation of chambers with or without the use of blasting operations should be taken into account when choosing a safety factor.
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Date submitted1948-07-11
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Date accepted1948-08-16
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Date published1948-07-14
The influence of some flotation factors during the beneficiation of tungsten ores
- Authors:
- D. S. Emelyanov
The success of mineral processing by flotation depends on many factors. However, the literature has not yet paid due attention to this issue. The optimal values of all factors that mutually influence one another for each object of study are established experimentally, which, given the large number of factors, makes it extremely difficult to establish the optimal flotation regime. Below we briefly present the results of a study of the influence of some flotation factors on the enrichment of hübnerite ore, which are usually not attributed much importance (see article). From the above materials it should be concluded that during the flotation of hübnerite ore in the presence of oleic acid and sodium oleate, a sharp improvement in flotation results is observed with fractional loading of the collector (7-8 passes, with a total consumption of 0.5-0.7 kg/t), adding potassium bichromate, as a deflocculator, with a high pulp density (33-50% solid). Establishing the optimal values of the listed factors made it possible to sharply increase the degree of concentration during primary flotation, and this circumstance, in turn, provided the possibility of effective treatment operations.
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Date submitted1948-07-14
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Date accepted1948-08-30
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Date published1948-07-14
About the calculation of the speed of free fall of mineral grains
- Authors:
- A. K. Korolkov
Free fall is theoretically defined as the fall of an isolated grain in an unlimited space of a distributing medium (water or air). In practice, it is considered as the fall of an aggregate of grains at such a concentration that the movement of any grain is not significantly disrupted directly or through the distributing medium by accompanying grains. Free fall has an exceptional value in the process of accurate classification, when the movement of grains is considered as uniform, occurring at a constant final speed. Falling in the environment, grains displace the environment from those places that they themselves successively occupy. Their shapes and the distribution of masses within them, strictly speaking, do not remain constant during this movement, but these changes are so small that they are certainly neglected. In all cases of interaction of a grain with a liquid medium, we obtain the same phenomenon - the flow of a medium around the grain. This flow around, due to the impermeability of the space occupied by the grain to the liquid medium, causes a change in the movement of the medium flow incident on the grain. The movement is accompanied by friction at the boundary between the grain and the medium. The question of the amount of resistance experienced by a moving body is one of the most ancient problems of dynamics, but to date its final theoretical solution has not been achieved, which led to attempts to directly experimentally determine resistance and gave rise to the successful development of experimental hydro- and aerodynamics.
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Date submitted1948-06-30
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Date accepted1948-09-08
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Date published1948-07-14
Surveyor observations of surface displacement under the influence of mining in the conditions of the Cheremkhovo coal deposit
- Authors:
- D. A. Kazakovskii
The Cheremkhovo deposit, both in terms of geological and mining operational conditions, differs significantly from other coal deposits of the USSR. In view of this, in relation to the specified conditions, it is not possible without special observations to make a confident conclusion about the nature of the process of surface displacement under the influence of mining. However, such issues as the speed of the subsidence process, the amount of surface subsidence, the size of subsidence angles, etc., are practically important issues, the clarification of which is necessary not only for the correct construction of safety pillars and the solution to the question of the possibility of building up previously undermined areas, but also for choosing a method for managing the roof and establishing a rational sequence for mining the lower and upper layers of the main formation of the Cheremkhovo field. In accordance with the above characteristics of the rate of attenuation of the process of surface displacement in the conditions of the Cheremkhovo deposit, it was recommended: 1. Allow the construction of wooden buildings in areas undermined by longwalls one year after the extraction of coal. 2. The construction of stone buildings is allowed after 1-2 years (depending on the capital of the building) after the excavation of coal under the site.