В 1967 г. исполнилось 100 лет со дня рождения выдающегося представителя горной науки, общественного деятеля и крупнейшего ученого-маркшейдера СССР профессора Владимира Ивановича Баумана. В феврале 1968 г. в Ленинградском горном институте состоялось юбилейное заседание, посвященное этой дате, с участием маркшейдеров, горняков, геологов и геофизиков ...
При решении различных технических задач возникает необходимость автоматической и достаточной фиксации подводных объектов. Наиболее эффективным методом в этом случае является звуколокационный (гидроакустический) ...
Геометрия недр (горная геометрия) оформилась как самостоятельная дисциплина в послеоктябрьский период на базе социалистической горной промышленности, поставившей по-новому задачи рациональной разведки, разработки и использования недр. Настоящая статья, не претендующая на всестороннее освещение рассматриваемого вопроса, ставит перед собой цель характеристики изученности некоторых вопросов геометрии недр и выяснения содержания дальнейших исследовательских работ в этой области. Она кратко касается всех разделов горной геометрии, начиная с проекций, применяемых при решении горногеометрических задач, и кончая учетом движения запасов, потерь, разубоживания и добычи.
The currently known methods of calculating reserves cover all cases and specific conditions of various deposits with sufficient completeness. The correct choice of a method from among the existing ones ensures obtaining results with an error, the magnitude of which is determined not so much by the calculation methods as by the detail of exploration. From this point of view, the development of new calculation methods (especially based on preliminary and detailed exploration data) is not a pressing task. It should be borne in mind that from the point of view of accuracy, all calculation methods used in practice are approximately equivalent, with the exception of the arithmetic mean method. Methods for calculating reserves in operational exploration require further development, mainly in the direction of simplifying the calculation technique associated with the use of the numerous data that must be dealt with in these cases. Here, smoothing techniques should be used more widely, as well as methods of mathematical statistics (in particular, correlation theory) to clarify the patterns of mineralization, as well as to delineate ore deposits. Special mining-geometrical graphs should be used more widely, allowing cumbersome calculations to be replaced by comparatively simple graphical operations. In connection with the large number of samples and tested workings, the use of graphs has significantly simplified the calculation of reserves.
Until now, at newly developed deposits and at operating deposits with an unexplored nature of rock movement, the calculation of safety pillars in accordance with the recommendation of the "Rules for the Technical Operation of Mines" was carried out by analogy with other more or less studied deposits. However, there were no instructions on the selection of analog deposits, which could not but lead to an incorrect choice of parameters for calculating safety pillars. At present, it seems possible to give some guidelines on the selection of analog deposits based on accumulated factual data. These instructions can be used in calculating pillars during the design of mines and at operating deposits with an unexplored nature of rock movement. They can also be useful in calculating the profile lines of observation stations.
The Cheremkhovo deposit, both in terms of geological and mining operational conditions, differs significantly from other coal deposits of the USSR. In view of this, in relation to the specified conditions, it is not possible without special observations to make a confident conclusion about the nature of the process of surface displacement under the influence of mining. However, such issues as the speed of the subsidence process, the amount of surface subsidence, the size of subsidence angles, etc., are practically important issues, the clarification of which is necessary not only for the correct construction of safety pillars and the solution to the question of the possibility of building up previously undermined areas, but also for choosing a method for managing the roof and establishing a rational sequence for mining the lower and upper layers of the main formation of the Cheremkhovo field. In accordance with the above characteristics of the rate of attenuation of the process of surface displacement in the conditions of the Cheremkhovo deposit, it was recommended: 1. Allow the construction of wooden buildings in areas undermined by longwalls one year after the extraction of coal. 2. The construction of stone buildings is allowed after 1-2 years (depending on the capital of the building) after the excavation of coal under the site.
Conceptually, the task of surveying measurements is simple, however, its practical solution, provided that the necessary accuracy is ensured, in a number of cases becomes complex and requires the use of special techniques. This task becomes especially difficult in the conditions of deposits of non-metamorphosed platform-type coals, characterized by a complex structure of seams, variability in thickness, ash content and volumetric weight, and intense weathering of coal during storage in piles. In 1944, we carried out work to study the issue of surveyor measurements at the Cheremkhovo field (Irkutsk basin), which is a field of this type. The results obtained, which we want to share in this article, can be successfully used in a number of other fields. Since during surveying measurements under the conditions under consideration the most difficult thing is to accurately determine the volumetric weight of coal, we will focus on the results of our work on this issue.
The arithmetic average method, being the simplest, is widely used in calculating reserves based on exploration data, as well as in surveying production at existing enterprises. The method gives more accurate results when exploration workings are evenly distributed. The last circumstance is one of the conditions for its applicability. The article analyzes the issues of comparative accuracy of calculating reserves using various methods and comparative accuracy of calculating the volume and reserves of ore or metal.
