Vol 59 Iss. 1

n 1967 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Vladimir I. Bauman, an outstanding representative of mining science, public figure and the largest scientist-marksheider of the USSR. In February 1968 in the Leningrad Mining Institute held a jubilee meeting dedicated to this date, with the participation of surveyors, miners, geologists and geophysicists.

When solving various technical problems there is a need for automatic and sufficient fixation of underwater objects. The most effective method in this case is sonicolocation (hydroacoustic).

In the presence of a gradient of sound propagation velocity in the location medium, the trajectory of sound rays deviates from straight lines perpendicular to the surface of the sound wave front. Refractive deflection of the rays occurs in the direction of the region of the medium with a lower sound propagation velocity. Obviously, the curvature of sound rays leads to a shift of the sonicolocation irradiation spot on the reflecting surface of the location object. This displacement determines the error of the sonicolocation measurement, and in some cases can lead to the formation of an acoustic shadow zone in which sonicolocation measurements are practically impossible.

The sonicolocation method of surveying control and surveying of mine workings is used in the practice of mining enterprises relatively recently. Currently, this method of distance measurement is used in the surveying of dredge ranges, deep open-pit ore dumps, inaccessible underground salt leaching chambers and underground storage of petroleum products, as well as mine shafts and boreholes, conducted by drilling.

The use of single-vibrator acoustic systems in sounders for surveying inaccessible mine workings is dictated by the desire to improve their technical and economic characteristics. It is obvious that combining in one electroacoustic transducer the functions of the emitter and receiver of acoustic signals allows to increase the accuracy of measurements, simplify the design, reduce the size and weight, as well as reduce the cost of the acoustic system.

To date, the iss.s of selecting the optimal parameters of input circuits have not been given sufficient attention in the development of pulsed ultrasonic equipment and, in particular, ultrasonic locators used in mining. When designing input circuits are usually used known from general radio engineering calculation methods that do not take into account the specifics of ultrasonic devices.

In the process of drilling and fixing technical wells of large diameter (1.0-3.6 m) there are a number of technical problems, the solution of which is possible if the geometry and dimensions of the borehole (curvature of the axis, the size of the wall development, etc.), as well as the position of the support during its construction are known. Wells are drilled vertically up to 1000 m deep. Drilling is carried out with the use of flushing fluid, as which is used clay solution with a specific gravity of up to 1.25 g/cm2 depending on the strength of the rock...

In modern ultrasonic technology, in particular in sonic surveying devices, increasingly used piezoelectric converters of electrical energy into acoustic energy. Piezoelectric radiators made on the basis of ceramics of barium titanate and lead titanate-zirconate, in comparison with vibrators made of other materials, with high values of efficiency and specific radiated power are characterized by manufacturability and low cost.

One of the ways to reduce the cost of surveyor sounders using a single electroacoustic transducer as a sound emitter and receiver. In sounders with separate receiver and transmitter, the axes of directional characteristics of the transducers are usually separated by some distance, which makes it difficult to receive signals reflected from the near parts of the locatable surface. This disadvantage is completely eliminated in single-vibrator locators, since the directivity characteristics of the same electroacoustic transducer in the modes of emission and reception coincide.

Currently in the USSR more than 75% of the volume of rock mass of placer deposits is processed by dredges. The plans of development of the national economy and the next few years will see a significant increase in dredge construction, especially through the commissioning of powerful dredges (380, 400, 500 m) deep digging...

Fracturing is essential in assessing the strength and other physical and mechanical properties of rocks extracted as rubble stone, for the production of crushed stone, as well as in the conduct of drilling and blasting operations in quarries. However, almost the only manual on the study of fracturing of rocks of building stone deposits is a brochure by B. P. Belikov, considering mainly only deposits of block stone .

When servicing drilling and blasting operations in the quarry surveyor needs to determine the actual location of the blasted ledge and the actual parameters of drilling and blasting operations and characterization of structural features (fracturing) of the rock massif.

During the years of Soviet power our educational institutions prepared many highly qualified specialists, in which mining enterprises had a great need.

Theodolite moves laid along underground workings are calculated gradually, as the workings advance. For some time the courses remain dangling, then they gradually form closed polygons, to a greater or lesser extent interconnected. Connection of the underground reference network to the redundant source data (directional angles of the sides, determined by the gyroscopic method, coordinates of points transferred from the surface through vertical or inclined excavations) is carried out relatively rarely.

Systems of theodolite moves and polytonometry of 1 and 2 digits are equalized in a simplified way. First, jointly determine the corrections to the angles, then on the corrected angles calculated increments of coordinates, then separately equalized abscissa and ordinates in the system of moves. The discrepancies of individual moves on the coordinate axes are distributed by the coordinate increments in proportion to the length of the sides.

The study and analysis of approximate methods of equalization is of great practical importance. It is obvious that in all cases, approximate methods of equalization give results less accurate compared to the results that can be obtained by equalization by the method of least squares (provided that it is correctly applied). Therefore, the practical use of approximate methods is due only to the desire to reduce the labor intensity of equalization calculations.

The article deals with the methodology of construction and transformation of graphs of systems of normal equations for determining the weights of unknowns in relation to the equalization of geodetic networks by the method of mediated measurements.

A two-liquid compensator, i.e. an optical stabilizer based on the use of the interface surface of two liquids, was proposed by M. A. Gusev in 1958. The introduction of the upper liquid layer into the compensator ampoules had the purpose of damping the oscillations of the lower liquid...

Capillary rise of the liquid in the ampoules of stitic compensators can cause deterioration of the image quality of the telescope. To determine the inner radius of compensator ampoules with a large light aperture, formulas have been proposed...

Double-image rangefinders have linear graduations of 1 or 2 cm. As the distance increases, the image of the strokes of the scale of the rail decreases, becoming unclear. On this basis the maximum distances at measurement should not exceed 200-250 meters. To eliminate this disadvantage, the factory “Karel Zeiss” (GDR) has created a precision rangefinder double image as an attachment to theodolite Theo030, using the method of logarithmic tacheometry, proposed in 1878 Tihi...

Interpolation polynomials of various kinds are used to equalize spatial phototriangulation networks, suggesting that there is a dominant influence of systematic errors. However, studies in recent years have shown that random phototriangulation errors are commensurate with systematic errors, and sometimes may even exceed them...

The rigorous equalization method described is developed on the basis of differential error formulas of routing network elements. When transverse parallaxes are observed at six standardly spaced points, there is one redundant measurement that yields a conditional equation...

Photogrammetric methods are widely used for non-topographic purposes and, in particular, in construction to determine deformations of engineering structures. A number of works devoted to this topic have appeared in recent years and some experience has been accumulated in this field. However, researchers often either copy the methodology and principles of aerial photography, which complicates and complicates the necessary calculations, or simplify the method to such an extent that it becomes suitable only for architectural measurements or for determining large absolute values of deformations (2- 3 mm).

Visual method of compiling primary geological documentation based on sketches, as is known, has a number of disadvantages, the main of which are subjectivity and relatively low accuracy. The quality and completeness of such documentation depend on the qualification of the performer.

The accuracy of coordinates determination from images and determination of internal orientation elements can be significantly affected by the surface quality of photographic plates, which is understood as deviation of their surface on the emulsion side from the plane. This deviation leads to displacement of the image of photographed objects on the negative and to increase of distances between images of coordinate marks of the camera's application frame...