Geological and industrial types of copper deposits are widely covered in the press, but usually consider only the most important geological factors that determine these types and very weakly (more often only indirectly) affecting the economic efficiency of copper deposits.As is known, as a basis for the classification of geological and industrial types of mineral deposits even geological factors different researchers take different ...

Комплексное использование месторождений вызывает необходимость систематизации полезных компонентов с учетом их экономического значения, концентрации и распределения в рудах и в связи с этим систематизации видов отбираемых проб по их назначению.

При геологической съемке, поисках и особенно разведке место­рождений полезных ископаемых очень важная роль отводится геофи­зическим и геологоразведочным работам. В результате бурения скважин и проходки горных выработок ре­шаются следующие задачи: а) устанавливаются положение рудных тел в разрезе, их границы и мощность, что служит основанием для вычи­сления координат в точках пересечения рудных тел геологоразведочной выработкой; б) выделяются природные типы, а нередко промышленные сорта руд и тем выявляется строение рудных залежей; в) производится отбор каменного материала, что помогает исследованию минерального состава руд и их опробованию. Обобщение данных по ряду геологораз­ведочных выработок позволит установить размеры, форму и условия залегания рудных тел, выяснить горнотехнические условия разработки месторождения.

The method of sampling by ore types, developed by the author in 1938-1940, was introduced into production in 1941 at the Karabash deposit. The present article summarizes the results of experimental work on the application of this method, in addition to Karabashskoye, and at the Urupskoye sinter deposit.

The proposed sampling method is based on a regular relationship between the structure of ore deposits in terms of thickness and the content of valuable mineral. The main object of the study was a deposit where the largest ore deposits are genetically and spatially associated with a primary well stratified rock complex. The main reason for the formation of stratified complex of rocks and ore deposits is crystallization differentiation, which apparently consisted in the following: a) movement of crystallizing magmatic melt; b) gravity; c) large accumulation of elements giving volatile compounds; d) increasing viscosity of crystallizing melt; e) non-uniform (consecutive from top to bottom) cooling of the intrusive body; f) two periods of melt crystallization: first - slow crystallization of mainly leucocratic minerals, second - faster crystallization of all other minerals of magmatic origin.

In the row all the geological sciences, the science of prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits is one of the youngest. It is advisable to formulate the definition of the subject and method of science as follows: prospecting and exploration is the science of the methods of discovery, qualitative and quantitative characteristics and assessment of mineral deposits for the purpose of their industrial use. The method of this science consists in studying the dependence of the methods of discovery and establishment of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deposits on the geological patterns that determine the formation and all the features of mineral deposits. The main tasks facing the science of prospecting and exploration are as follows: on the basis of the analysis and generalization of the vast factual material and experience of prospecting and exploration accumulated to date, to develop new and improve the applied systems of geological exploration. In this case, special attention should be paid to the development of issues of rational spatial placement of workings and other observation points, as well as the development of prospecting and exploration techniques.

In the process of studying mineral deposits, sampling occupies a prominent place in terms of the volume of work and cost of funds. The study shows the enormous potential for reducing the number of samples and chemical analyses by using a rational sampling technique. The patterns established by the time of operational exploration and especially by the period of stope extraction, as a rule, make it possible to sharply reduce the number of samples and chemical analyses. The number of samples can be reduced by the thickness, strike and dip of ore bodies, while the sampling error remains virtually unchanged, and the cost of funds and the volume of work during sampling are sharply reduced. The proposed sampling technique, based on the structural patterns of ore deposits, leads to significant improvements in the geological mapping of ore deposits. The allocation of industrial grades and varieties of ores will facilitate and accelerate the study of mineral deposits and, in some cases, will provide the opportunity to use the most economically advantageous sampling technique - sampling by ore types.

Sampling is an important operation in the process of exploration and study of mineral deposits. Sampling data are used to study the material composition of ores, calculate reserves of a particular component, evaluate a deposit, develop a process flow diagram, determine losses, dilution coefficient, etc. To solve the tasks set, sampling is usually carried out systematically in the process of exploration and development of a deposit. Thus, sampling of mineral deposits is accompanied by significant expenditure of funds. The method of taking samples with a "Volumetric" furrow was developed and experimented by the author on two rare metal and one copper-pyrite deposits.

The article sets the task of specifying the variation coefficient reflecting the distribution of a useful component in an ore deposit. The variation coefficient is a value characterizing the dispersion of the distribution of the material composition in the ore body of a particular deposit. As is known, attempts to use the variation coefficient to solve applied problems (for example, choosing the distances between samples and workings during sampling and exploration of deposits) were not very successful. The density of various workings and samples in this case significantly exceeded the accepted and justified practice. The unsuccessful use of the variation coefficient in solving the above problems is partly explained by the presence of a pattern in the spatial distribution of the material composition in the ore bodies of deposits, which is in conflict with the basic provisions of variation statistics. In addition, the determination of the value of the variation coefficient itself is inaccurate for two reasons: 1) incorrect use of factual material reflecting the nature of the mineral; 2) the influence of sampling error on the value of the coefficient of variation.