Vol 37 Iss. 1

In the existing textbooks, deviations from the plan caused by central projection in aerial images have rather complicated expressions that discourage the reader. Limiting ourselves to the necessary minimum of such expressions, we have aimed to simplify them as much as possible by applying auxiliary quantities, usually hidden in the expressions, although giving a simple relationship to the quantities to be defined, similar to the way longitudinal parallax has greatly simplified the expression of heights. These auxiliary quantities we shall give in appropriate places.

At present, the use of aerial photography has acquired a wide scope not only for small-scale mapping of the earth's surface, but also for the creation of topographic plans on a large scale. We know, for example, the successes of Soyuzmarkstrest, whose enterprises, using aerial photography, annually produce on a large area of topographic plans on a scale of 1:5000 and 1:2000. Large-scale surveying is also used with great success in road surveys, in urban surveying, in land management.

Analyzing the possibility of topographic plan creation using triple overlaps of aerial images. The essence of the method of images processing by triple overlaps.The error of determining point elevations by stereophotogrammetric method is expressed by the formula ...

Until recently, the solution of the main task of higher geodesy - determination of the Earth's shape - was connected with the study of the external gravitational field and the shape of Listing's geoid. The only method of gravimetric derivation of the geoid's shape was the Stokes method, the application of which requires the removal of masses external to the geoid, the so-called regularization of the Earth.

In connection with the development in recent years of methods of light-location and radiolocation, interest in the problem of processing geodetic networks with measured side lengths has increased significantly. In this paper we consider the question of equalization of a continuous network with measured side lengths, dividing it into sections and simultaneously using the methods of conditional and mediocre measurements. This method of equalization can be applied in the case when due to the peculiarities of the network construction it is more reasonable to process one part of it by the method of conditional and the other — by the method of mediocre measurements.

Experimental work on the use of radar system of RGSC for justification of regional gravimetric survey in sparsely populated areas of the USSR showed that ground radio stations in some cases can not be located in sufficient proximity to the reference geodetic points, winterization of radio stations and therefore reduces the effectiveness of radio geodesic methods.

When creating a survey base by radio-geodetic methods, the coordinates of points are usually determined from the solution of linear serifs on two measured distances with the use of formulas ...

The article deals with the issues of determining the error of the height of the reference point or the position of the polygonometric point in the system of moves, equated by the method of polygons, nodes, approximations or the method of equivalent replacement.

The following formulas are known in the literature for calculating the errors of directional angles of the sides of the underground polygon, laid at orientation through two vertical mine shafts, a) depending on the errors of measurement; b) depending on the errors of measuring the lengths of the sides ...

In the theory of vectorial errors there are some operations with. directional errors, such as the addition of vectorial errors, the addition of elliptic errors, the addition of elliptic and vectorial errors, and the decomposition of vectorial errors. These issues are developed and detailed by N. G. Kell in his work “Graphical Method in Operations with Errors and Positions”. The author performs operations with directional errors by means of the value R and g-arithmetic and geometric elements of the error ellipse. These operations have the character of special rules. From the positions of tensor algebra the solution of these questions is reduced to some simplest operations of tensor algebra.

Visual axis of levels, common in practice, is set horizontally with a cylindrical level by bringing its bubble in the middle position. Setting the bubble in the zero point takes a lot of time, especially with a high sensitivity of the level, when leveling on unstable soils and in underground workings.

Over the past decade, ultrasound has found wide application in a number of branches of science and technology due to its special properties. Ultrasonic waves are used in testing of materials (defectoscopy), processing of materials, signaling, determination of distances and directions (sonicolocation - echo sounder), in medicine, food industry, etc. Currently, there is almost no branch of national economy, where ultrasonic waves would not be used.

Underground polygonometer courses are laid in order to create a system of points with known coordinates in mine workings and to solve mining engineering tasks. Since such runs are the basis for solving most of the surveying tasks, their quality and timeliness depends on the success of the surveying service of mining operations as a whole.

When designing, producing and evaluating surveying works, the question constantly arises as to what is the criterion of their necessary and sufficient accuracy. The rich practice of underground mining allows to assert that such criterion is technically correct and economically feasible solution of production tasks related to the field operation. Surveying works carried out at a mining enterprise are designed to provide it with the necessary mining engineering, mining geometry and geodetic data. Naturally, the volume and accuracy of these data should be determined by the production requirements, which are expressed in the values of production tolerances. Conducting surveying work without full consideration of the established tolerances can lead to a number of complications of the process of mining of minerals - to disrupt the normal operation of the enterprise. It should be said that overestimated accuracy of surveying works is as harmful for production as insufficient; both the first and the second lead to significant losses of time and money, to violation of normal surveying service of mining operations.

Hypsometric plans of deposits are the most important documentary and working materials both in the period of design and construction of mining enterprises and in the period of their operation. Naturally, therefore, when using hypsometric plans, the question of their accuracy inevitably arises. However, as a rule, the accuracy of hypsometric plans, built on the data of detailed exploration, is not assessed. This is explained, on the one hand, by the fact that the accuracy of hypsometric plans is not subject to specific requirements, and on the other hand, by the fact that due attention is not paid to the development of methods for assessing the accuracy of depicting the shape of deposits.