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Date submitted2001-09-09
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Date accepted2001-10-21
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Date published2002-08-26
Позиции евро на международном валютном рынке
- Authors:
- R. A. Belyakov
The article assesses the changes in the social and economic life of the European Union, which were caused by the introduction of the new collective currency - the euro in cash circulation in the countries of the union. It also presents the data of the German Bank and the Central European Bank on the situation of the euro on the international currency market. The article analyzes the statements of the leading politicians and economists on the future of the euro, on the process of transition to the new currency and the ways of strengthening its stability. The results of sociological surveys and marketing research conducted in most EU countries, as well as positive and negative trends related to the introduction of the new currency are considered.
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Date submitted2001-09-29
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Date accepted2001-10-30
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Date published2002-08-26
Current environmental problems in the light of synergetics
- Authors:
- E. A. Ilina
At present, the irrational use of natural resources and the ever-increasing technogenic impact on the environment lead to numerous ecological disaster zones and disasters. Philosophical judgments and methods of synergetics allow us to study environmental problems at a deeper level: a) to understand the processes of self-organization of systems, features of bifurcations and dissipative structures; b) to formulate the causes of past environmental crises and calculate the probability of their recurrence. Synthesis of methods of physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics and other sciences allows, in the light of synergetics, to apply models of catastrophe theory to solve various ecological problems. The expansion and deepening of the zone of anthropogenic impact on the environment leads to the formation of a new ecosystem with the latest properties and characteristics. The article shows the relationship between systems with different degrees of equilibrium and formulates the potential causes of the next global ecological crisis of the planet.
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Date submitted2001-09-24
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Date accepted2001-10-26
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Date published2002-08-26
Veps folk customs, rituals and holidays as a reflection of everyday life history
- Authors:
- O. E. Kambarova
The article deals with the problems of Veps identity: its similarity and difference with the culture of neighboring nations. There are bright examples of some Veps rites and holidays. The past 20th century became an epoch of disappearance of small nations cultures. However, today some of them are trying to revive lost traditions, customs, holidays and other aspects of traditional way of life customary for their ancestors. That is why a thorough study of the stated theme seems important and relevant. The work is based on different information about the history of Vepsian culture: personal observations, materials from funds of Pikalevsky local lore museum, ethnographical publications and etc. Today it is very difficult or even impossible to see traditional Vepsian holidays and rituals.
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Date submitted2001-09-06
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Date accepted2001-10-09
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Date published2002-08-26
Economic market culture in Russia: the difficulties of formation in the modern period
- Authors:
- E. G. Katysheva
The process of transition to a market economy in Russia was accompanied by serious economic, political, and social problems. People's personality traits corresponded to the totalitarian system, and therefore it was difficult for them to break the usual social traditions, stereotypes, and attitudes. Passivity was characteristic of the consciousness of the masses. The departure from socialism was possible only when the population adapted to the new market conditions and a new economic culture was developed. Economic culture determines the values and interests of people in their economic activities. Russian society is faced with a deficit of economic culture, expressed in a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of market economy; this explains the "savagery" of the Russian market. The economic culture of society forms a social mechanism that determines the nature of the economy of the country.
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Date submitted2001-09-16
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Date accepted2001-10-26
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Date published2002-08-26
Cosmological models of the Universe: theories and facts
- Authors:
- L. V. Serov
Outlines ideas about the universe that have been formed throughout human history. Any cognitive process can be viewed from the perspective of two components: theories and facts. A theory is a product of the human mind, while facts are taken as given and either confirm or refute theoretical assumptions. At the dawn of mankind, ideas about the universe were based only on sensory experience. In ancient times, people had already accumulated enough knowledge and their cosmological models were more realistic, but still idealized. Today's researchers draw on an enormous amount of scientific experience and create powerful theories based on verified facts and advances in the exact sciences. But will today's ideas about the world remain as provable for generations to come? It is difficult to give a definite answer, but one thing is clear: modern theory can answer many questions concerning the evolution of the universe and is flexible and promising enough to be developed and supplemented in the future.
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Date submitted2001-09-03
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Date accepted2001-10-12
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Date published2002-08-26
"Ratio Studiorum” and the paradoxes of Jesuit education
- Authors:
- D. V. Shmonin
The Jesuit order (Societatis de Jesu), founded in 1534, is one of the most famous monastic associations of the Catholic Church. The Jesuits influenced the development of New European philosophy, from Descartes to Wolff to Kant, and significantly shaped the intellectual and spiritual culture of the New Age. The aim of this article is to analyze an important episode in the activities of the Order during the second half of the 16th century, aimed at the formation and development of a unique pedagogical system, which caused an avalanche-like increase in the number of the educational institutions of the Order in Europe. The theoretical expression of the Jesuits' pedagogical thought was the Order's "School Statute" ("Ratio Studiorum", 1599), which included curricula and detailed instructions for heads and teachers of different subjects and types of educational institutions. This was the first educational reform in the history of Europe. The Jesuit educational system was extremely successful because it emphasized the formation of a spiritual elite in all strata of society. At the same time, the real paradox of Jesuit education should be considered the temporary nature of its success. Already by the middle of the seventeenth century the Jesuit system was losing its mobility, its pioneering character, and its humanistic spirit. This is confirmed by the opinions of Voltaire and other famous pupils of the order's schools.
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Date submitted2001-07-26
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Date accepted2001-08-14
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Date published2002-05-20
Modern experiment and mathematical statistics: methodological aspects
- Authors:
- P. N. Devyatkin
Nowadays, it is difficult to imagine science existing without any connection with experiment. The very notion of experiment has undergone significant changes in the last decades, Earlier the essence of experiment was reduced to the study of well-organized systems. However, in our time the tendency has developed to move from the study of well-organized systems to poorly organized, diffuse systems or to the study of problems of so-called bad structure. Two significantly different approaches to the study of poorly organized systems can be pointed out, which have clearly emerged over the last ten decades. The first approach consists in the use of ideas and methods of multivariate mathematical statistics, the second is a purely logical analysis of their control process. Here we are already dealing with the cybernetic approach. At present, the problem of studying poorly organized systems acquires paramount importance in view of the fact that the majority of real systems belong exactly to this category of systems. Moreover, we can confidently say that the methodology of one-factor experiment does not meet in the vast majority of cases the modern real goals and objectives of the experiment. When studying such systems, it is often necessary to operate with a combination of both cybernetic and statistical approaches in order to obtain the most complete understanding of the essence and nature of the process or system under study.
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Date submitted2001-07-14
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Date accepted2001-08-23
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Date published2002-05-20
Modern economic science: in search of new ideas
- Authors:
- N. Yu. Kirsanova
The paradigm shift has its own peculiarities in different sciences. The fundamental difference between the social sciences is that contradictions here arise not only as a result of more and more profound comprehension of the object under study, but primarily on the basis of qualitative changes in the object itself - society, its forms and structures, conditions of vital activity and functions. A common feature of new theoretical paradigms is that they do not discard previous knowledge, but integrate it. The paradigm shift is associated, as a rule, not only with the development of a different system of ideas and ideas, but also with the formation of a qualitatively new type or style of thinking itself, updating the methodology and conceptual apparatus of science. The recognition of the important ideological role of economic theory has often led to the identification of basic theoretical schemes with ideological doctrines. Such an identification is not accidental; a picture of economic reality can act in this role, but it greatly simplifies the nature of the relationship between ideology and science. Different economic theories simply reflect different aspects of the same reality. A new paradigm of economic theory cannot be created artificially, “composed. The way to a new paradigm lies through a theoretical generalization of historical experience and radical changes taking place in the world.
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Date submitted2001-07-24
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Date accepted2001-08-14
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Date published2002-05-20
Die inyestitionstatigkeit des bergbetriebes in Russland und Deutschland
- Authors:
- Ju. V. Lubeck
Now in Russia, investment activity of mining enterprises, due to the lack of reliable sources of financial resources, is usually reduced to solving production and financial problems, as well as to solving environmental issues and problems of product sales. Financing of social programs of mining enterprises is based on the residual principle. The conditions for investment growth in a reunified Germany at the beginning of the new century are generally pretty good, the country's share in world markets has increased, as evidenced by the positive development of exports and the service sector. This year and next year, we can expect a real increase in the production of goods and services. Progress is especially evident in the creation of efficient infrastructure - never before in Europe has an infrastructure changed so much and in such a short time. Behind these macroeconomic figures stand an orderly legal system and efficient state and municipal administration as well as a forward-looking industrial restructuring. Germany is interested in a strategic partnership with Russia, because Russia plays a large role in the stability and security of the European continent. Russia is also a field for new investments for Germany. In this way, Germany can contribute to the modernization of Russia. To become part of global economic processes and once again become a strong industrial power, Russia needs a thorough overhaul of many industries.
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Date submitted2001-07-16
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Date accepted2001-08-30
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Date published2002-05-20
Anthropology of the Internet
- Authors:
- E. M. Ryzhikh
Humans play a central role in the shaping and development of the Internet. What is typical of a person in the Internet environment? Is there a specific trait by which one can distinguish a person of the Internet world from a person who does not live in this world? Is it possible to find common ground between these people? It would be interesting to answer the following question: what awaits us in the case of total “migration” to the Internet? A person of the Internet world has no substance without encounters with the network. He walks around the world and builds the world with the click of a mouse. Through his interaction, man changes the world, the changed world, in turn, changes him, and these changes again provoke a change in the world. Man builds up space and time in front of him by button interaction, i.e. space and time are linked into wholeness, structured through human communications. The whole plays a predominant role in the formation of a system of any nature. Wholeness is always communicative; it is achieved through communications. Consequently, different opportunities for communication can produce different spatial and temporal wholes. A person of the Internet world (as a person who reads and a person who writes) is a particular case of a “communicating person” in a holistic space-time world. The Internet makes us understand this and rethink the emergence of new possibilities for communication in the form of new speeds.
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Date submitted2001-07-09
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Date accepted2001-08-18
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Date published2002-05-20
The implementation of the main functions of journalism in the publicist texts of Karl Kraus
- Authors:
- Yu. M. Sishchuk
The article examines the main functions of journalism - informational and influential, which correspond to the main tasks of journalism: to inform by evaluating the information reported, to influence the addressee, to encourage him to action. The material for the study was the articles of Karl Krause in his magazine “The Torch”. Extra-linguistic basis, as well as the specified functions of publicism determine the stylistic features and linguistic means of their implementation in the text. Evaluative and figurative functions serve the implementation of the influence function; neutrality, accuracy and objectivity of expression are characteristic of the implementation of the informational function. Carl Krause's journalism is characterized by the presence of means of realization of both informational and influential functions; the combination of documentary and expressiveness is one of the stylistic features of his work.