Submit an Article
Become a reviewer
RU
Vol 281 Iss. 2
Pages:
22-34
Download volume:
RUS ENG
Article
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology

Rationale for the application parameters of unmodified iron-magnesium production waste as a nature-like ameliorant for cadmium immobilization

Authors:
Natalya Yu. Antoninova1
Artem V. Sobyanin2
Albert I. Usmanov3
Yaroslava A. Kuznetsova4
About authors
  • 1 — Ph.D. заведующий лабораторией Institute of Mining UB RAS ▪ Orcid
  • 2 — Ph.D. Researcher Institute of Mining of the UB RAS ▪ Orcid
  • 3 — Researcher Institute of Mining of the UB RAS ▪ Orcid
  • 4 — Junior Researcher Institute of Mining of the UB RAS ▪ Orcid
Date submitted:
2026-04-09
Date accepted:
2026-06-25
Online publication date:
2026-10-30
Date published:
2026-10-30

Abstract

An assessment is presented regarding the use of iron-magnesium production waste for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils. The waste contains, mg/kg: Mg 175,000, Fe 52,000, K 30,000, and traces of Cu, Zn, and Co, with no detectable Cd. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) was grown for seven days on a substrate containing 10 mg/l Cd and treated with three doses of an iron-magnesium composite (IMC): 10, 60, and 120 g/m2. FeSO4, MgSO4, and a combination thereof were used for comparison. Parameters evaluated included germination rate, root length, pH, redox potential, mineralization, moisture content, and metal concentrations in soil and plants (via atomic absorption spectrophotometry); root barrier coefficients (RBC) and translocation factor (TF) were calculated. The high IMC dose (T4, 120 g/m2) maximized Cd immobilization (reducing the mobile fraction by 38 % to 9.6 mg/kg), eliminated Mg deficiency, and stimulated root growth by 30.6 %, but caused soil salinization (TDS up to 740 mg/l) and the accumulation of Ni (up to 39.8 mg/kg) and Co (up to 5.2 mg/kg) in the soil. The low dose (T6, 10 g/m2) reduced Cd availability to 11 mg/kg and increased root growth by 10.4 % without significant salinization (TDS 270 mg/l). Ni and Co were effectively retained by the roots (RBC 1.96 for Ni, >3.0 for Co), and their transport to the shoots was minimal (TF 1.26 for Ni, 0.60 for Co). For short-term application, a dosage of 120 g/m2 is justified, provided salinity is monitored. The optimal long-term solution is a dosageof 10 g/m2.

Область исследования:
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Keywords:
soil remediation cadmium iron-magnesium waste industrial waste ameliorants biotesting nature-like materials root barrier coefficient translocation factor secondary contamination
Funding:

This article was prepared within the framework of State assignment 075-00408-26-00 N 125070908250-1, topic 2 “Geoinformation support for the systemic assessment of nature-conservation strategies during subsurface resource development” (FUWE-2025-0002).

Go to volume 281

References

  1. Danilov A.S., Kremcheev E.A., Lozovaya A.S., Gaydak V.O. Monitoring soil pollution in the town of Monchegorsk: Causes and consequences. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2025. N 9, p. 53-66 (in Russian). DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2025_9_0_53
  2. Ankush, Ritambhara, Lamba S. et al. Cadmium in Environment – An Overview. Cadmium Toxicity in Water. Springer, 2024, p. 3-20. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54005-9_1
  3. Vasilyeva T.N., Galaktionova L.V. Assessment of the state of urban soils based on the content of pollutants. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2023. Vol. 23. N 12, p. 2-11 (in Russian). DOI: 10.32417/1997-4868-2023-23-12-2-11
  4. Shabanov M.V., Marichev M.S., Burachevskaya M.V. et al. Cadmium and lead in the Soimonov valley soil, Karabash: Mobility, bioavailability and ecological risks. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2025. N 4, p. 104-120 (in Russian). DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2025_4_0_104
  5. Genchi G., Sinicropi M.S., Lauria G. et al. The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020. Vol. 17. Iss. 11. N 3782. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113782
  6. Zulfiqar U., Ayub A., Hussain S. et al. Cadmium Toxicity in Plants: Recent Progress on Morpho-physiological Effects and Remediation Strategies. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2022. Vol. 22. Iss. 1, p. 212-269. DOI: 10.1007/s42729-021-00645-3
  7. Yonggang Ma, Qunchao Su, Chengguang Yue et al. The Effect of Oxidative Stress-Induced Autophagy by Cadmium Exposure in Kidney, Liver, and Bone Damage, and Neurotoxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022. Vol. 23. Iss. 21. N 13491. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113491
  8. Myagkaya I.N., Saryg-ool B.Yu., Kirichenko I.S. et al. Ecogeochemical characteristics of the Yarly-Amry and the Chibitka Rivers, located in the dispersion train of Aktash mercury deposit and its wastes (Gorny Altai). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering. 2022. Vol. 333. N 4, p. 7-26. DOI: 10.18799/24131830/2022/4/3273
  9. Yakovlev E., Druzhinina A., Druzhinin S. et al. Assessment of physical and chemical properties, health risk of trace metals and quality indices of surface waters of the rivers and lakes of the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk Region, North-West Russia). Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2022. Vol. 44. Iss. 8, p. 2465-2494. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01027-5
  10. Elsukova E.Yu., Nedbaev I.S., Kuzmina D.S. Monitoring of soil pollution in the area affected by the production of phosphorus fertilizers. Vestnik of Saint-Petersburg University. Earth Sciences. 2022. Vol. 67. N 4, p. 652-674 (in Russian). DOI: 10.21638/spbu07.2022.406
  11. Pilip L.V., Syrchina N.V. Effect of meliorants on cadmium mobility in soils. Russian Journal of Applied Ecology. 2023. N 4, p. 60-66 (in Russian). DOI: 10.24852/2411-7374.2023.4.60.66
  12. Utkin A.A., Akanova N.I. The effect of fertilizers and meliorants on the height and bio-mass of mustard, the accumulation of cadmium by plants and the capacity-sorption properties of peat lowland soil. Plodorodie. 2024. N 1 (136), p. 75-78 (in Russian). DOI: 10.25680/S19948603.2024.136.19
  13. Hongyan Zhu, Yangping Wen, Qingyin Shang et al. Attapulgite/oyster shell composite reduces cadmium and lead bioavailability in acidic agricultural soils through synergistic adsorption and pH regulation. Scientific Reports. 2025. Vol. 15. N 15609. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-00302-0
  14. Liyuan Mu, Hongyin Zhou, Zhengli Lu et al. Passivation effect of modified biochar on cadmium in mining contaminated soil. Scientific Reports. 2025. Vol. 15. N 30402. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-15860-6
  15. Borgohain A., Baruah M., Gogoi R. et al. Integrating cadmium removal and phosphate supplementation by fortified biochar hydrogel for agricultural soil: a novel composite material. Discover Agriculture. 2025. Vol. 3. N 273. DOI: 10.1007/s44279-025-00459-2
  16. Antoninova N.Yu., Sobenin A.V., Usmanov A.I., Shepel K.V. Assessment of the possibility of using iron-magnesium production waste for wastewater treatment from heavy metals (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+). Journal of Mining Institute. 2023. Vol. 260, p. 257-265. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2023.34
  17. Antoninova N.Yu., Sobenin A.V., Usmanov A.I., Gorbunov A.A. Substantiation of parameters for the use of nature-like materials based on mining waste as ameliorants. News of the Ural State Mining University. 2025. Iss. 3 (79), p. 99-108. DOI: 10.21440/2307-2091-2025-3-99-108
  18. Sumiao Sun, Xiaojun Wang, Xuejia Gu et al. Effects of Amendments on Cadmium Adsorption Capacity of Soil and Growth of Brassica rapa L. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences. 2024. Vol. 9, p. 25-34 (in Chinese). DOI: 10.11942/j.issn1002-2767.2024.09.0025
  19. Auyeshov A.P., Arynov K.T., Yeskibayeva Сh.Z. Resource and economic efficiency of serpentinite waste utilization for the production of inorganic magnesium compounds. Academic Scientific Journal of Chemistry. 2025. Vol. 3. N 464, p. 29-40. DOI: 10.32014/2025.2518-1491.298
  20. Belanov I.P., Shipilova A.M., Mezentseva O.P. Mineralogical and granulometric composition of soils formed on the surface of iron ore tailings dumps. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2024. Vol. 67. N 5, p. 542-548. DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2024-5-542-548
  21. Alekseev A.O., Malyshev V.V., Alekseeva T.V. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Granulometric Fractions As a Tool for Studying Transformations of Solid Phase of Soils. Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin. 2025. Vol. 80. N 1, p. 50-58. DOI: 10.3103/S0147687424700789
  22. Chernousenko G.I., Khitrov N.B., Pankova E.I. Magnesium in Saline Gypsum-Bearing Soils of Russia. Eurasian Soil Science. 2023. Vol. 56. N 7, p. 854-867. DOI: 10.1134/S1064229323600537
  23. Linnikov O.D., Rodina I.V. Sorption Properties of Freshly Precipitated Iron(III) Hydroxide toward Nickel Ions. Part 1. Mechanism and Efficiency of the Sorption Process. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 2022. Vol. 58. N 6, p. 1116-1124. DOI: 10.1134/S2070205122060107
  24. Xin Nie, Erping Bi. Modeling of Cd(II) adsorption on iron (hydr)oxide-organic composites: deviations from additive adsorption in composite sorption systems. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2024. Vol. 83. Iss. 8. N 225. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-024-11561-x
  25. Qian-hui Zhang, Yi-qi Chen, Zhen-bang Li et al. Defense guard: strategies of plants in the fight against Cadmium stress. Advanced Biotechnology. 2024. Vol. 2. Iss. 4. N 44. DOI: 10.1007/s44307-024-00052-6
  26. Elatafi E., Elhendawy B., Iqbal S. et al. Physicochemical, Metabolite, Osmolyte Synthesis, and Enzymatic Alterations of Grapevine Rootstocks in Response to Cadmium Stress. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2025. Vol. 25. Iss. 4, p. 9902-9920. DOI: 10.1007/s42729-025-02765-6
  27. Rasiah V., Florentine S.K. Characterizing selected soil attributes of different land-use management to assess reforestation benefits of deforested riparian buffers. Ecological Processes. 2018. Vol. 7. N 39. DOI: 10.1186/s13717-018-0151-7
  28. Savich V.I., Belopukhov S.L., Podvolotskaya G.B. et al. Regarding the problem of interrelation of soils and surface water as landscape components. Prirodoobustroistvo. 2018. N 1, p. 76-83 (in Russian). DOI: 10.26897/1997-6011/2018-1-76-83
  29. Tianbao Ren, Huilin Feng, Wan Mahari W.A. et al. Biochar and microbial synergy: enhancing tobacco plant resistance and soil remediation under cadmium stress. Biochar. 2025. Vol. 7. N 119. DOI: 10.1007/s42773-025-00535-2
  30. Qin Yao, Yueying Yang, Jia Chen et al. Soil application of FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3 reduced grain cadmium concentration in Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.). BMC Plant Biology. 2024. Vol. 24. N 930. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05652-x
  31. Wenchao Deng, Guanghui Wang, Bing Wang, Nansheng Deng. Sulfur Modified Biochar Supported Ferrous Sulfide Composite for the Immobilization of Cadmium in Contaminated Soil. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2024. Vol. 235. Iss. 8. N 495. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-024-07317-9
  32. Jing Ren, Zixuan Zhao, Amjad Ali et al. Characterization of phosphorus engineered biochar and its impact on immobilization of Cd and Pb from smelting contaminated soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2020. Vol. 20. Iss. 8, p. 3041-3052. DOI: 10.1007/s11368-019-02403-6
  33. Korkmaz H.E., Akgün M., Kocaman A., Korkmaz K. Mitigating cadmium and salinity stress in lettuce through biochar application: impacts on growth and nutrient dynamics. BMC Plant Biology. 2026. Vol. 26. N 339. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-025-08051-y
  34. Chaw Su Lwin, Young-Nam Kim, Mina Lee et al. In Situ Immobilization of Potentially Toxic Elements in Arable Soil by Adding Soil Amendments and the Best Ways to Maximize Their Use Efficiency. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2024. Vol. 24. Iss. 1, p. 115-134. DOI: 10.1007/s42729-024-01630-2
  35. Subašić M., Karalija E., Selović A. Evaluating the impact of intercropping Silene sendtneri, a Cd hyperaccumulating plant, on mineral and growth dynamics in Zea mays under Cd stress. Plant and Soil. 2025. Vol. 517. Iss. 1, p. 699-716. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-025-07889-3
  36. Leskova O.A., Bondarevich E.A., Kotsyurzhinskaya N.N. Accumulation and distribution of chemical elements in plants of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. (Transbaikal Territory). Problems of Botany of South Siberia and Mongolia. 2021. Vol. 20. N 1, p. 265-268 (in Russian). DOI: 10.14258/pbssm.2021051
  37. Zorikova O.G., Manyakhin A.Yu. Microelement composition of Patrinia scabiosifolia and Patrinia rupestris. Khimiya rastitelnogo syrya. 2023. N 4, p. 277-287 (in Russian). DOI: 10.14258/jcprm.20230411994
  38. Denisova S.G., Reut A.A. Calculation of the arsenic, lead and cadmium accumulation coefficients by aboveground and underground paeonia organs. Bulletin of KSAU. 2025. N 4 (193), p. 51-57 (in Russian). DOI: 10.36718/1819-4036-2023-4-51-57
Access statistics
Abstract Views
26
Full-Text Views
9
Cited
Scopus:
0
Crossref:
0
Article Menu

Similar articles

High-strength porous ceramics from fine fly ash microspheres
2026 Aleksei V. Ponaryadov, Olga B. Kotova, Dmitrii A. Shushkov
Production of calcium carbonate with tailored particle size characteristics as a factor in efficient recycling of gypsum-containing technogenic raw materials
2026 Denis V. Suchkov, Tatyana E. Litvinova, Andrei P. Lebedev
Economic mechanism for promoting the development of technogenic deposits in the Russian Arctic and Far East: institutional conditions and a model for differentiating support measures
2026 Ekaterina A. Bazhutova; Ailana D. Ulzetueva; Aleksei V. Alekseev
Sustainable cold asphalt concrete from petroleum sludge and endogenous mining wastes: a circular economy approach for road maintenance in Moa, Cuba
2026 Ismael Terrero-Aguirre, Yasmany Medina-Zaldivar
Backfill composite based on technogenic mining waste as a means of enhancing environmental and technological safety
2026 Roman V. Klyuev
Ameliorants based on chemical industry waste for the reclamation of mining facilities
2026 Dmitrii A. Patokin, Aleksandr S. Danilov