Filtration studies on cores and sand packed tubes from the Urengoy field for determining the efficiency of simultaneous water and gas injection on formation when extracting condensate from low-pressure reservoirs and oil from oil rims

Introduction

Condensate formation in the reservoir is a consequence of developing gas condensate and oil and gas condensate fields in depletion drive. It is possible to prevent condensate formation in the reservoir and the loss of this valuable raw material by applying the cycling process. As a result of successive production of condensate and gas, it is possible to achieve a high degree of condensate recovery from the field. However, this technology requires significant expenses. Therefore, in Russia (and earlier in the USSR), the industrial method of developing gas condensate fields is the depletion drive which leads to a formation of retrograde condensate in the reservoir.

A promising way to recover the condensate forming in the reservoir is the use of displacement agents. In addition, it is advisable to use them for development of oil rims at oil and gas condensate fields (OGCF). In conditions of depleted oil and gas condensate fields, water, gas, and a water-gas mixture (WGM) can be used as displacement agents.

Problem statement

Oil rims as well as gas condensate reservoirs of Russia’s largest Urengoy OGCF are developed in depletion drive without maintaining reservoir pressure [1]. As a result, the formation pressure values decreased significantlywhich led to serious complications in production of oil, gas, and condensate. In addition, the consequence of field development in depletion drive are low values of oil and condensate recovery.

This is relevant for oil and gas condensate fields in Western Siberia – Yamburgskoye, Pestsovoye, Severo-Urengoy and Tazovskoye [2]; Eastern Siberia – Chayandinskoye OGCF [3]. To solve these problems at the OGCF, the technology of injecting water-gas mixtures with rational values of gas content into the reservoir by pump-ejector systems can be applied.

Simultaneous water and gas (SWAG) injection in the reservoir by pump-ejector systems is an efficient method for increasing fluid recovery at the fields with low-viscosity [4, 5] and high-viscosity oils [6, 7], in particular, the Arctic fields [8]. The publications describe in detail the technological aspects of a possible use of the pump-ejector system at the Urengoy field [9], the successful experience of field implementation at the Samodurovskoye field [10, 11], the prospects for improving the applied technology [12-14], the characteristics for single-stage and two-stage pump-ejector compression [15], and a possibility of using the existing field infrastructure [12].

According to article [16], SWAG injection allows achieving water cut reduction from 98 to 80 % in carbonate reservoirs of Eastern Siberia and increasing well flow rate to 100 t oil per day. Summarizing the twenty years-experience of carbonate fields development in Brazil it was shown that SWAG injection with CO₂ injection can become an efficient method for displacing residual oil, reducing water cut and increasing the economic efficiency of a long-term development [17]. When CO₂ is injected, the profitability of oil production increases significantly [18]. The assessment of the efficiency of using various models, analytical tools [19-21] and engineering support methods [22] is also important.

To account for interwell interference during SWAG injection with CO₂ injection, neural networks were used [23]. Intelligent well completion is applied at immiscible SWAG injection to obtain the best inflow result in offshore fields [24]. SWAG injection can be used both as an efficient tertiary method of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and from the beginning of development [25]. For considering the vertical stratification of water-gas mixture in the reservoir and optimizing the injection strategy, the current 3D hydrodynamic model of the field can be used with an additional foam injection module [26]. Foam systems [27-29] together with SWAG injection are used in world practice to improve the stability of water-gas mixture, intensify sweep efficiency, and increase profitability [30, 31].

Polymer flooding [32] is an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary method for enhanced oil recovery at high-viscosity oil fields. To eliminate uncertainties in joint water and gas injection into the reservoir, nitrogen can be used [33]. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be applied to identify candidate wells for SWAG injection by injecting rims, control their size and gas-water ratio under conditions of geological uncertainty [34], and also predict dynamic formation pressure using artificial intelligence methods [35]. The concept of a digital field in the current economic realities of the Russian oil and gas sector is considered in article [36]; a review of the experience of using digital technologies at offshore fields of Russia and the practice of increasing production is presented in [37, 38]. The process of managing field development under conditions of uncertainty is significantly influenced by automation and informatization of the corresponding management decisions [39, 40]. The results of filtration experiments using two- and three-phase filtration models when simulating SWAG injection are inbuilt into the constantly operating hydrodynamic reservoir model [41].

When introducing SWAG injection by sequential injection of rims at large fields, it is necessary to optimize the injection process, choose the right volume of rims for increasing the economic and technological effects, and also use tracers to determine the movement direction of the displacement front [42-44]. SWAG injection can be used to utilize the associated petroleum gas [10, 45, 46] and CO₂ [23, 47, 48]. Monitoring of pilot projects of SWAG injection with CO₂ is presented in article [49], and the optimization methods in [17, 18, 44]. According to the results of filtration experiments, when water and gas are jointly injected into the reservoir, it is important to determine the range of the optimal gas content in the mixture, at which the maximum increase in the displacement efficiency is achieved [4, 46, 50].

Proppant hydraulic fracturing can be used as an efficient method for increasing oil recovery at the Kashiro-Vereiskiye carbonate formations, as shown by the example of studying cores from the Moskudyinskoye field [51]. In article [52], on the example of a carbonate formation, the application of a probabilistic technique for predicting the efficiency of proppant hydraulic fracturing technology was considered and a forecast was made of increase in oil production rate of wells with the use of the probabilistic analysis of geological and technological data in different periods of performing hydraulic fracturing with a fairly good degree of correlation with actual flow rate increments.

Simulation of the technology of oriented slotted hydro sand jet perforation to improve the development efficiency of terrigenous oil-saturated reservoirs by a system of oriented selective slotted channels is presented in article [53]. For carbonate reservoirs with a high degree of heterogeneity, it is possible to use radial drilling to increase oil recovery [54]. For the fields with complex mining and geological conditions and low-efficiency reservoirs, it is necessary to consider the geomechanical properties of the reservoir in the course of development [55, 56]. Cracking resistance coefficient is associated with geophysical characteristics of rocks at hydrocarbon fields [57].

When studying the specific features of formation of bottomhole zones of oil pays during operation of producing wells at the fields in the northern Perm Region with high gas saturation of formation oil, an analysis of the skin factor was considered, and multidimensional mathematical models were built to determine the main factor affecting the state of bottomhole zones [58]. To increase the economic efficiency of hydrochloric acid treatment at the Chaikinskoye deposit in Perm Region, an algorithm was developed that can be implemented without difficulty using any programming language [59].

When constructing a geological and hydrodynamic model of a carbonate oil formation, it is necessary to consider the vertical anisotropy of permeability, as shown in the example of one field in the Perm Region [60]. The results of studies on the influence of low bottomhole temperatures in the intervals of oil pays on the technological properties of solutions used for drilling and completion of wells in order to determine the possibility of increasing gas recovery coefficient at the field of the “Power of Siberia” gas pipeline are presented in article [61]. To reduce the degree of uncertainty in assessing the formations in terms of the degree and nature of geological heterogeneity, a method was developed for grouping low-productive oil fields in carbonate reservoirs for the rational use of resources within the Urals-Volga Region [62].

Article [63] analyses the development of fields on the Arctic shelf of Russia using expert forecasting methods. Estimation of the fields in Eastern Siberia in terms of economic effect and development prospects is presented in article [64]. Unconventional oil and gas resources and problems of their development are described in article [65]; the need to refine the acoustic methods of geological exploration, when developing the fields in permafrost conditions, is shown in article [66].

The main problems in the development of depleted oil and gas condensate fields at present are the lack of research into the processes that occur when condensate and oil are displaced by water-gas mixtures and the selection of the optimal gas content to achieve the highest values of condensate and oil recovery coefficients. Therefore, the main task of the studies presented in the article was to conduct appropriate filtration experiments on the displacement of condensate and oil by water, gas and WGM on core models and cores of the Urengoy oil and gas condensate field and to process the results obtained.

Methodology

During filtration studies, various options for extracting retrograde condensate and oil were tested at the UIK-5 three-phase filtration unit (Fig.1). The unit is designed to simulate the reservoir conditions at oil and gas fields, work with gases, gasified liquids at high pressures and temperatures, testing chemical reagents for enhanced oil recovery, etc. It consists of four high-pressure plunger pumps with stepper motors (three working pumps with plunger chamber volume of 30 ml and one auxiliary pump with plunger chamber volume of 6 ml to create compression in reservoir models), an ultrasonic separator-meter (can be used as a two-phase meter (for measuring volumes of oil and water), and a three-phase meter for gas, oil and water), several pressure sensors, two differential pressure sensors, tanks and high pressure columns, a control valve to maintain reservoir pressure, valves for manual and program control, etc.

Plunger pumps are controlled by a computer, which ensures their continuous operation without pressure surges at the time of switching plunger chambers. Level of liquids in the separator-meter is measured by an ultrasonic sensor by reflection from the interface. During experiment, the program records the readings of pressure and differential pressure sensors, levels in the settling separator, pump performance and temperature in core holder.

During the experiments, reservoir conditions at the Urengoy Field were simulated, both sand packed tubes and core reservoir models were used.

A brief geological and physical characteristic of the investigated developed pay at the Urengoy oil and gas condensate field is as follows: pay horizon BU₁₁² with an average occurrence depth of 2,769 m, oil and gas condensate pool, terrigenous reservoir, porosity coefficient 0.14; permeability 13.68 µm²; reservoir oil saturation 0.549; gas saturation 0.588; initial formation temperature 79 °С; initial formation pressure 27.6 MPa. Saturation pressure of oil with gas and pressure of the onset of condensation also have a value of 27.6 MPa, i.e., condensate and free gas formation occurs from the beginning of development; therefore, oilfield workers faced the task of APG utilization at a high GOR of 228.1 m³/t and the need to use EOR to increase fluid recovery from the formation. Oil is low-viscosity – in reservoir conditions it was 0.49 mPa·s, density 0.667 t/m³. Oil recovery factor for the base development option is 0.434, potential condensate content is 199 g/m³. Characteristics of reservoir models for condensate displacement are given in Tablе 1, for oil displacement – in Tablе 2.

Table 1

Characteristic of sand packed tubes for the study of condensate displacement

*Gas displacement was carried out in experiment 9; water – 1, 3, 10, 15, 17; water-gas mixtures – 6, 7, 18; WGM with surfactant – 8.

Table 2

Characteristic of sand packed tubes for the study of oil displacement

In the experiments, condensate and oil were displaced by water, gas, or WGM in simulation of depleted reservoirs with reduced pressure. Water displacement was performed in accordance with the requirements of OST 39-195-86 “Oil. Method for determination of oil displacement efficiency by water in laboratory conditions.” Experiments on gas and WGM displacement performed out following the procedure described in [14].

Study of condensate displacement by gas

The experiments were carried out at low pore pressure (3 MPa) typical for depleted reservoirs. The reservoir model was horizontal.

Nitrogen was chosen as gas agent. The use of commercial gas (methane) for condensate production is not economically reasonable. The only available gas agent for condensate displacement is nitrogen, which can be obtained from atmospheric air.

The experiment showed that gas displacement efficiency is very low (Fig.2). The reasons for this are an immiscible character of condensate displacement, shielding effect of water, and low viscosity of gas. As a result of pumping 2.66 pore volumes (p.v.) with gas, only 6.6 % of condensate and 1.4 % of water were displaced. Judging by condensate displacement kinetics, the main mechanism of water and condensate displacement is evaporation into the dry gas flow. In the separator-meter at 20 °C, hydrocarbon vapours condensed, which made it possible to measure their amount. After pumping 1.2-1.4 p.v. of gas, water release from the reservoir model practically stopped. Termination of water release led to acceleration of condensate release from the reservoir model, which indicates a certain shielding by water in the porous part of condensate.

Condensate displacement by water-gas mixture

The study of condensate displacement by water showed that it is associated with formation of water-gas mixture (WGM) in a porous medium at gas-water boundary. Therefore, in the following experiments, condensate displacement by a mixture (20 % nitrogenand 80 % water in reservoir conditions) was studied.

Condensate displacement experiment (experiment N 6, Tablе 3) was carried out using a high-permeability reservoir model. Mixing of gas and water was carried out at the entrance to the model. Gas was supplied by a separate pump using a piston column. Final saturations of the porous medium were determined by the material balance method (condensate) and from the results of weighing (water and gas). Characteristics of the reservoir model are given in Table 1; the results of experiment are shown in Fig.3. The experiment demonstrated that gas is initially displaced from the model, then condensate appears at discharge of the reservoir model (together with gas). At the time when condensate appeared, the rate of gas release from the reservoir model decreased noticeably (a break in the dependence curve of gas amount at discharge on the injection volume).

Dynamics of condensate displacement shows that because of water filtration in a porous medium, a bank of condensate formed. After pumping 0.50 p.v. by WGM water appeared at discharge from the reservoir model. At the same time, the release of condensate decreased markedly and gradually stopped.

Comparison of the results of experiment N 6 (displacement of condensate by WGM) and N 3 (displacement of condensate by water) shows that when WGM and water are used in a porous medium, a bank of condensate forms. Condensate displacement in experiment N 6 is practically the same as in experiment N 3. The degree of condensate displacement in experiment N 3 was 51.5 %, and saturation of the porous medium with it decreased from 29 to 14.1 %.

In the studies, a series of experiments was carried out on condensate displacement by a mixture, the results of which are given in Tablе 3.

Table 3

Results of filtration experiments on condensate displacement by water and water-gas mixture

Comparison of results of condensate displacement by water and mixture demonstrated the following:

• abilities of water and WGM to displace condensate from gas-saturated porous medium are quite close, which is associated with formation of a WGM when water is pumped into gas-saturated porous medium, while the average values of the degree of condensate displacement during water and WGM filtration are 49.7 and 52.0%, respectively.
• residual condensate saturation after displacement by water and WGM differ slightly, the average values of residual condensate saturation in case of displacement by water and WGM are 14.55 and 14.1%, respectively.
• WGM condensate displacement starts faster than in case of using water (induction period on condensate displacement curves is shorter), thus, when condensate is displaced by WGM, formation of a condensate bank occurs faster than in case of displacement by water.

Filtration experiments on oil displacement using sand packed tubes and core material from the Urengoy OGCF

To study oil displacement, a series of filtration experiments was carried out on sand packed tubes and cores of the Urengoy OGCF.

Currently, oil in oil rims at the Urengoy OGCF is degassed because of a drop in reservoir pressure to values below saturation pressure. This led to appearance in the porous medium of another phase, gas phase. Thus, it became necessary to conduct the research aimed at selecting an efficient displacement agent for the development of degassed oil reserves in oil rims of the field.

At the Urengoy OGCF, water and WGM with low gas content are available. The use of gas only (for example, in the mode of miscible or limited miscible displacement of oil by gas agent) and WGM with a high gas content is economically unattractive, since it requires the injection of large volumes of gas (commercial methane or nitrogen) into the reservoir.

In experiments, the displacement of model degassed oil by water and WGM with gas volume content of 20 and 10 % was studied. The first part of the experiments was conducted using sand packed tubes. In addition, an experiment was made with a composite linear model of the reservoir from the core of the pay horizon at the Urengoy OGCF (Tablе 4).

Table 4

Characteristic of composite linear model 2K

The results of experiment N 2K on oil displacement from the linear composite reservoir model (Tablе 5) from cores of the Urengoy OGCF (Tablе 5, Fig.4) show that oil displacement by WGM and dynamics of oil displacement in experiment N 2K (cores) and N 22 and 24 (sand packed tubes) are of the same type. A small amount of gas is initially displaced from the model, after which a mixture of oil, gas and a small amount of water is observed at discharge from the model, displacement of oil is piston-like. After injection of WGM into 0.47-0.48 p.v. there is an increase in the accumulation rate of water at discharge of the model. At the same time, oil displacement rate noticeably decreases, and pressure begins to stabilize. Overall, for the period of piston-like oil displacement, the displacement degree was 50 %.

Table 5

Results of filtration experiment 2K

*Breakthrough of water – 0.48 p.v., gas – 0.58 p.v.

Characteristic of reservoir model

Porous medium is cemented core material from the Urengoy OGCF. Permeability: by gas 0.159, by oil at residual water saturation 0.0443 µm²; p.v. 22.14 ml; length 16.31 cm, diameter 2.99 cm. Fluids: oil from the Urengoy OGCF with density 839 kg/m³, viscosity (20 °C) 5.06 mPa·s, mineralized water – sodium chloride solution with density 1,011 kg/m³, WGM – a mixture of mineralized water and nitrogen in 80/20 volume ratio (under reservoir conditions).

Gas is displaced from the reservoir model immediately after the start of filtration. In the range from 0.27 to 0.58 p.v. the amount of gas at discharge practically does not increase (there is a plateau), after which gas discharge continued at a constant rate (gas breakthrough from the WGM). Thus, the displacement of gas contained in the sample and gas breakthrough from the WGM are well separated in time. Based on the plateau level, it was estimated that WGM displaced ~ 90 % of gas contained in the reservoir model.

WGM was injected into 2.64 p.v. of the model. By the end of the experiment, oil displacement from the porous medium ceased; final displacement efficiency was 61 % and residual oil saturation 21.3 %.

Comparison of the results of experiments using natural core (N 2K) and sand packed tubes (N 22, 24) showed good agreement between the degree of oil displacement and residual oil saturation for the types of porous media used (Tablе 6). Thus, sand packed tubes of the reservoir from hydrophilic river sand are adequately simulating the conditions of hydrophilic reservoir at the Urengoy OGCF.

Table 6

Results of filtration experiments on oil displacement

*ΔP_res – the set (final) pressure drop. **Complex linear model of reservoir from core material.

The experiments showed the following:

• WGM is a much more efficient oil-displacement agent than water. When using WGM, higher oil displacement ratios are recorded both in piston sections and in final ones after pumping 2.56-2.78v. fluids (Tablе 6). Thus, even under conditions of immiscible displacement, WGM is a much more efficient fluid than water.
• Filtration experiments were conducted under conditions (inert dry gas, small length of sand packed tubes, shielding effect of water on mass transfer between oil and gas, pressure much lower than miscibility pressure and reservoir pressure), which provided an immiscible mode of oil displacement by gas. In a real reservoir, the efficiency of oil displacement can increase due to a decrease in interfacial tension at gas-oil interfaces as a result of multi-contact mass transfer between oil and gas phases.
• An experiment using a composite linear reservoir model from cemented core material (N2K), as regards the main characteristics of oil displacement, gave the results that coincide with filtration experiments with sand packed tubes (N 22/12, 24/12). Sand packed tubes of hydrophilic river sand adequately simulate the conditions of a hydrophilic reservoir at the Urengoy OGCF.
• Comparison of the results of experiments with reservoir models containing degassed and non-gassed oil shows that the presence of a gas phase in a porous medium reduces the efficiency of oil displacement and increases residual oil saturation of porous media. In experiments N22 and 24, when degassed oil is displaced by the mixture, residual oil saturation is 24.3-25.1 %; in experiment N 25 (non-degassed oil), residual oil saturation is 20.9 %. Thus, the process of oil degassing leads to a loss of reserves. Apparently, the reason for this is the entrapment of part of oil by gas in a porous medium.
• Comparison of the results of experiments N22 and 24 shows that WGM with low gas content (10 %) is a more efficient agent for displacing degassed oil than when a mixture with gas content 20 % is injected into the model for the conditions of the Urengoy OGCF. Thus, it is possible to reduce gas consumption in water-gas technology, which will cut down the costs and facilitate the implementation.
• In all the experiments simulating reservoir stimulation, an induction period was recorded on oil displacement curves. Its presence is explained by the fact that the initially injected fluid enters gas-saturated channels of the porous medium displacing low-viscosity gas from them. And only after the reservoir channels are filled with water and/or WGM, oil displacement begins, and the higher the degree of oil degassing and gas saturation of the porous medium, the longer fluid injection will not lead to oil displacement from the reservoir. Increasing degree of oil degassing reduces the efficiency of subsequent oil production.
• The study of degassed oil displacement by water and WGM was performed with reservoir models having almost the same initial gas and oil saturation. Apparently, this, as well as a small length of reservoir models, are the reasons why the duration of the induction period did not depend on composition of the displacement fluid. It can be assumed that in real reservoir conditions, a higher filtration resistance of WGM (compared to water) will allow to quickly reach pressure gradients at which oil begins to move.
• Data in Table 6 show that pressure drops during WGM filtration (experiments N22, 24 and 25) turned out to be greater than during water filtration (experiment N 20), which indicates that WGM injection into the reservoir will occur at higher injection pressures and/or lower well injectivity. However, the difference in filtration characteristics of fluids will make it possible to affect the reservoir more fully. It is possible to push down the WGM rim in the reservoir by pumping water, which will reduce the costs and gas consumption. When WGM is injected, filtration resistance increases 1.4-1.5-fold. It can be presumed that the injectivity of wells in case of WGM injection will also be 1.4-1.5 times lower than during flooding.

Conclusion

It was ascertained that for conditions of the Urengoy OGCF, water-gas mixtures with low gas content (10-20 %) have a higher oil displacement ability with respect to degassed oil as compared to water. The displacement degree of degassed oil by WGM is 9.5-13.5 % higher, and residual oil saturation is 6.0-9.8 % lower than in case of water displacement.

The experiment with a composite linear reservoir model from cemented core material, in terms of the main characteristics of oil displacement, gave the results that coincide with those of filtration experiments with sand packed tubes and showed a high efficiency of SWAG injection as a method of increasing oil recovery when used on oil rims of gas condensate fields.

Based on the performed studies, it can be concluded that SWAG injection showed good results in experiments on displacement of condensate, residual gas, and oil.

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