In the current mine surveying practice, when assessing the harmful impact of underground construction on the earth's surface and undermined objects, the geotechnical system underground structure – rock mass is traditionally considered, which does not include the surface infrastructure. Such an approach can lead to distorted estimates of load levels, impacts and potential deformations for both buildings and the earth's surface. In order to determine the influence of the building and assess the interaction of elements of the geotechnical system tunnel – rock mass – building, the study analyses the undermining of the historical stage building of the Mariinskii Theatre by a complex of workings in Saint Petersburg metro station Teatralnaya. Numerical simulation by the finite element method in the PLAXIS 3D software package is used, the geotechnical model is calibrated in accordance with data of the field mine surveying and geodetic measurements. The models show that during undermining of buildings, their heterogeneous structure, weight and spatial rigidity significantly affect the distribution of deformations in the base of the construction, which is confirmed by localization of cracks in load-carrying structures that appeared after the start of mining operations. When assessing and predicting deformations by numerical methods, it is not always sufficient to simulate the rock mass – tunnel system, since this can lead to overestimated predicted values of the earth’s surface deformations, underestimated values of subsidence, and an incorrect assessment of the harmful effect on the undermined object. It was concluded that only an integrated approach using simulation, field measurements and survey data can ensure a correct analysis of the interaction of the rock mass, underground structures and above-ground infrastructure facilities with complex spatial geometry and allow a reliable assessment of the harmful effect on the undermined object with reference to structural damage. This contributes to adoption of adequate and timely protection measures for buildings and structures.

The work is devoted to the study of the processes of displacement and deformation of the surface during the escalator tunnels construction of the subway by the method of artificial freezing of soils. The features of the construction and freezing technology, the rocks characteristics in which the escalator tunnels made are considered. The data of specially organized, full-scale surveying observations of deformations on the earth surface are presented. The main factors influencing deformation processes in the frozen strata of a layered inhomogeneous rock mass with inclined tunneling are determined, the complexity of the predictive task and the need to simplify the design scheme are shown. The work is focused on the assessment of the least studied geomechanical processes of soil heaving-uplifts and deformations during the periods of active and passive freezing stages. When studying the displacements processes of the earth surface and rock mass, the finite element method and analysis of the obtained data using field observations of displacements were used. A simplified calculation scheme is proposed for modeling, which allows taking into account the uneven influence of frozen rocks of an inhomogeneous layered rock mass with a large inclined tunneling. The satisfactory convergence of the data of field surveying observations on the earth surface and the results of modeling geomechanical processes for the period of active and passive freezing stages is shown. The proposed calculation scheme is recommended for the prediction of deformation at the stages of underground construction, characterized by the development of the most dangerous tensile deformations of buildings and structures on the surface.