In the work we have already substantiated the position on the difference between the hydrogeology of land, oceans and the belt of transition between land and ocean. Among these three hydrogeological "whales" continental margins (land-ocean belt) were out of the field of hydrogeology, although geologists have been studying the geology of these areas for many years and not unsuccessfully.

It is paradoxical, but it was noted by B.L.Lichkov in 1932 that in the works of V.I.Vernadsky one cannot find the words hydrogeology, hydrogeologist, hydrogeological research, although his works are an inexhaustible storehouse of hydrogeological ideas that defined new directions in hydrogeology, laid the foundations of the theory and methods of research of the underground hydrosphere.

Volcanogenic structures occupy a special place in the structure of our planet. During its evolution, the mantle substance was continuously differentiating, melting and rising to the Earth's surface, therefore, volcanogenic rocks of one or another age are widespread in almost every region. However, our attention will be focused on volcanogenic structures of Mesocenozoic age.

The chemistry of groundwater at the bottom of the World Ocean differs sharply from the chemistry of groundwater on the continents. It is determined by the complex interaction of ocean waters, sediments deposited on the bottom, and biogeochemical and other processes.

Hydrogeology of the seabed and ocean floor originated in Russia in the early 20th century. and the most rapid development in the last twenty years by the works of hydrogeologists...

Общая и региональная гидрогеология развивались на базе изучения под­земных вод суши континентов. Огромные пространства дна Мирового океана и морей долгое время оставались вне сферы деятельности гидрогеологов ...

B.L.Lichkov wrote about the great role of the Earth's rotation and the change in time of its rotation rate in the occurrence of earth deformations. He also emphasized the paramount importance in tectonics of the impact on the lithosphere of the Earth's outer shells - the atmosphere and hydrosphere ...

Water is the main driving force of inorganic life on the Earth. The state, structure, properties and composition of water depend on its temperature. The temperature of surface and underground natural waters of the Earth varies within very large limits and is subject to latitudinal climatic, altitudinal orographic and depth zonality. Hence the extreme diversity of natural waters and their interaction with the Earth's shells.

The classification subdivisions known in biology can be taken as a basis for groundwater classification. To build a classification it is necessary first of all to clearly define the subject of hydrogeology as a science and the concept of groundwater. There is no single point of view on this concept. F. P. Savarensky, for example, at first to groundwater referred drop-liquid water filling voids and pores in rocks, capable of moving in them and flowing out or extracting from them, and later - water as a physically independent body in vaporous, solid and, mainly, drop-liquid state...

The decisive factors in the location of groundwater are geologic and physiographic. Geological determine the location and structure of hydrogeologic structures, and their physiographic position - the features of groundwater life of each hydrogeologic structure separately.

A leading researcher of Russian hydrogeology, the first head of the Department of Hydrogeology of the Leningrad Mining Institute, Pavel Ilyich Butov was born on June 3 (15), 1882 in Orel, in a large family of a railway machinist. After graduating from the Orel real school, Pavel Ilyich entered the St. Petersburg Mining Institute in 1901. For his participation in the student revolutionary movement, he was expelled from the institute for two years in 1904 by the decision of the Mining Institute's Council.

Graphical representation most clearly captures those features of the chemical composition of natural waters, which sometimes do not capture other methods. This article discusses just a few ways to graphically represent the six major components of water composition ....

In December 1960, the Leningrad scientific community celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai F. Pogrebov. At the solemn meeting at the All-Russian Geological Institute, where numerous students, representatives of institutions, friends and relatives of Nikolai F. Pogrebov were present, reports on the life and activities of N. F. Pogrebov were read.

The drainless basins are widespread in the zones of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts over a vast area, from Transbaikalia in the east to the Black Sea in the west. Sometimes they reach considerable sizes and great depth. Morphology, geological structure of the basins, their origin are very diverse, but all of them are united by one common feature — absence of runoff. The feeding conditions of lakes located at the bottom of many basins are also diverse. The main sources of feeding of these lakes include waters of: 1) surface runoff, including carved waters; 2) large reservoirs; 3) groundwater; 4) artesian waters.

In hydrogeological terms, the area of Baley can be considered as an intermountain artesian basin composed of Mesozoic and Jurassic sediments, framed by crystalline rocks, stretched almost latitudinally and coordinated with the broad tectonic valley of the Unda River. On the northern wing of the basin within the southern slopes of the Borshchovy Ridge, the southern Borshchovy hydro-mineral line can be traced, characterized by outcrops of cold carbon dioxide springs and dry gas jets. These are, for example, the Shurugunsky springs, the spring in the Semenovaya Pad, the Lozhnikovsky, Zhidkinsky and others. All these springs have water composition close to mineral springs of Darasun. With a small mineralization, the predominant in the composition of water are hydrocarbonates of magnesium and calcium. This so-called Darasun type of carbonic mineral waters is extremely widespread in the Daurian hydro-mineral area.

The study of the artesian basins of the USSR in recent years in connection with the widespread drilling of deep wells has been marked by major achievements. In many artesian basins, the basement underlying their sedimentary complex has been uncovered. In the basins of the European part of the Soviet Union and Eastern Siberia it is represented by granites and gneisses; in the basins of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Western Siberia - by Paleozoic sediments of different age, genesis, composition and various eruptive rocks. For many basins their depth has been established at different points. It often exceeds 1-2, and in some cases even 3 km. For the majority of basins in the European part of the USSR sufficient data have been accumulated to construct the first tentative isohypsum maps of the basement surface. Similar maps can be constructed for the southern part of Western Siberia. The data on the age of rocks composing the basins, their composition, thickness, facies, etc. have been clarified. New data obtained as a result of studying the composition of artesian waters of deep parts of the basins, confirmed and clarified the ideas of Acad. V. I. Vernadsky about the wide distribution of saline waters and brines at depth. At the same time, Soviet scientists developed the doctrine of hydrodynamic and hydrochemical zonality of artesian basins.

Yakutsk artesian basin is one of the largest basins in the USSR in terms of area and thickness of sedimentary strata, different in composition, age and origin. The area of the basin is more than one million square kilometers. The thickness of sedimentary deposits is measured in kilometers. In terms of area, this basin exceeds the Dnieper-Donets, Moscow, Verkhnelensk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Khatanga, Nizhnezeisky artesian basins and the largest basin in Western Europe - the Paris basin. Thus, the Yakutsk artesian basin occupies a central position among the following hydrogeological areas of the USSR: the Khatanga basin in the north, the Tunguska basin and the Anabar hydrogeological massif in the west, the Verkhnelensk basin and the Aldan hydrogeological massif in the south, and the Verkhoyansk hydrogeological folded area in the east.

The zonality of groundwater and its dependence on climatic factors are covered in the works of many soil scientists and hydrogeologists - V. V. Dokuchaev, P. V. Ototsky, V. S. Ilyin, B. L. Lichkov, O. K. Lange [9]; G. A. Maksimovich [13], I. V. Garmonov [4], G. N. Kamensky [7] and others. The issue of zonality of artesian waters is considered by most authors [5, 6, 11, 14, 18] in connection with the processes of dynamics and water exchange, and the role of climatic factors is usually passed over in silence. Only in the work of A. M. Ovchinnikov [16] is it clearly stated about the deep connection of the hydrothermal regime of the earth's crust with the distribution of temperatures on its surface and the importance of this factor for the life of groundwater, in particular, for their composition. However, even in this work the role of climatic factors as factors of zonality artesian waters, artesian waters are not considered are confined to artesian basins, representing historically developing hydrogeological structures. Among artesian basins, one can distinguish open-type artesian basins confined to platforms, "artesian seas" and closed-type artesian basins located inside hydrogeological folded areas (for example, Ferghana), - "artesian lakes".

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, a group of hydrogeologists from TsNIGRI — M. M. Vasilievsky, G. A. Lebedev, N. F. Pogrebov, N. A. Revunova, B. K. Terletsky and N. I. Tolstikhin — compiled a general hydrogeological map of the USSR on a scale of 1:5,000,000, with an explanatory note that was being prepared for publication. The war prevented the publication of the work. Most of the compilers of the map and the note — N. F. Pogrebov, M. M. Vasilievsky, G. A. Lebedev, B. K. Terletsky — died. Over the past decade, regional hydrogeology in the USSR has made great strides, but the explanatory note to the map has not lost its interest and significance, therefore, with the permission of the director of VSEGEI, Prof. L. Ya. Nesterov, it is printed in this edition. The map cannot be published by technical reasons. Instead, a hydrogeological zoning scheme is attached, compiled on the basis of a geological map on a scale of 1:7,500,000, published in 1950, taking into account the hydrogeological zoning maps prepared by M. M. Vasilievsky and G. A. Lebedev.

In Soviet times, numerous geological, exploration, hydrogeological and other parties working in South-Eastern Transbaikalia described many mineral springs. Some of them are of great interest both in their original composition and in the conditions of the release and formation of mineral waters. This brief review is intended to familiarize the reader with this new data on the mineral waters of South-Eastern Transbaikalia. Klinsky mineral spring (Klinovsky mineral spring). Mineral water comes out at the base of the slope of the right ravine of the Klin River valley 1 km north of the settlement of Klin. This slope of the ravine faces the southeast. Jurassic and Quaternary sedimentary deposits, as well as igneous rocks, participate in the geological structure of the spring's vicinity. The section of the Upper and Middle, and partly the Lower Jurassic, is presented schematically (from top to bottom).

The first studies of carbonated mineral waters in the vicinity of Bakhchisarai in Crimea in 1916-1917 were conducted by Academician V. A. Obruchev and hydrogeologist of the Tauride Zemstvo Peddakas. Unfortunately, these works were not completed, and V. A. Obruchev's article "The Burun-Kaya Mineral Spring Near Bakhchisarai as a Future "Crimean Resort"" was ignored. Meanwhile, Academician V. A. Obruchev was the first to establish carbonated mineral waters in Crimea. According to his data, the said mineral spring is confined to tectonic cracks of north-eastern extension, intersecting the Upper Cretaceous white marls. Referring the reader to the article, we will cite from it some of the most important data for our topic. V. A. Obruchev writes that the Burun-Kaya spring does not dry up even in the driest years, "... when he helped out the entire surrounding population" with water, because other nearby sources, fed by groundwater, dried up.

No systematic work on the study of mineral waters of Transcarpathian Ukraine was carried out before its reunification with the Ukrainian SSR. Individual sources from the point of view of their therapeutic use are briefly characterized in the Bulletin of the Czechoslovak Balneological Society. An attempt to summarize the knowledge of mineral waters of the Transcarpathian region is the work of F. Wiesner, which, however, mainly provides information on the geographical order of 200-odd mineral springs and completely lacks data on the chemical composition of these waters. The information at our disposal at present on the chemical composition of mineral springs of Transcarpathian Ukraine allows us to outline some preliminary patterns in the distribution of various types of mineral waters by area. The Transcarpathian region, which is a young mountainous country, is characterized by the wide development of mineral waters. The number of mineral springs, according to preliminary data, reaches three hundred.

In our report in January 1951 at a conference at the Central Institute of Balneology in Moscow and in an article published in the Notes of the Leningrad Mining Institute, the question was raised about the presence of carbonated mineral waters in Crimea and the need to study them to expand the resort and sanatorium base of Crimea. The work of 1951 completely confirmed the forecasts made. The presence of carbonated waters to the north of the city of Kerch, which we had noted based on the analysis of gas jets in 1950, was completely confirmed in the summer of 1951 by determining the free carbon dioxide in the water of some springs. Within the field of carbonated jets to the west of the city of Kerch, the content of free carbon dioxide in the springs of the Seit-Eli group was determined to be from 577 to 1180 mg/l. Samples for analysis were taken by S. V. Albov. The analysis was carried out by V. A. German in the laboratory of the Crimean Geological Department. Consequently, in addition to the carbonated spring of Kayaly-Sart, we can also talk about about the carbon dioxide springs of the Seit-Elin group.

This article should be considered as the first attempt to provide a zoning scheme for underground mineral waters across the vast territory of our Union. This zoning is based on two features that characterize a particular area: 1) the type of association of mineral waters inherent in a given area, i.e., the characteristics of their gas and chemical composition, temperature, etc., 2) the geological conditions of the area. The study of extensive materials on mineral springs of the USSR showed that mineral waters can be divided into: 1) waters that are almost universally distributed, for example, “ferruginous”; they could be called “cosmopolitan” waters, 2) waters that have strictly defined areas of their distribution. These are, for example, waters carbonated with carbon dioxide, salty waters, etc. It is convenient to call such waters “regional” waters. Typically, a particular region is characterized by not just one type of water, but by a group of waters of different composition. This group of waters is characterized by the predominance of waters of one particular composition over the others. These predominant waters set, as it were, the “main tone” to which the rest of the waters of this group are subordinated. The remaining waters of this group are also not “random”, but form an association of waters with common related features, which allows us to speak, as it were, of their “paragenesis”. There are several such groups of waters, which have a wide regional distribution on the territory of the USSR: 1) a group of alkaline earth hydrocarbonate (less commonly sodium bicarbonate) cold and warm types. carbonating with carbon dioxide, 2) a group of sodium sulfate, chloride, and less often bicarbonate thermal waters, weakly mineralized, carbonating with nitrogen, 3) a group of salty cold waters, highly mineralized, practically gas-free.

"In the works of A. S. Uklonskii, the Palmer classification is detailed and the chemical composition of various types of water is linked to the geological structure of the area and among themselves. In the work of V. A. Priklonsky (V) it is placed in table No.11, where typical graphs are provided for clarity chemical composition for each type of water (according to Rogers). Based on this table, the author plotted various characteristic types of water on a square diagram. As can be seen from this diagram, the distribution of various waters was far from uniform (see article). The numbering of waters makes it easier to divide them into groups for the purpose of further more detailed comparison. It sometimes allows you to monitor changes in the composition of water depending on time, space (along the river, at different depths of a mineral lake), temperature, etc. Finally, the water number is an objective numerical standard that determines the position of a given water in relation to its chemical properties among other natural waters of the globe.