In the work we have already substantiated the position on the difference between the hydrogeology of land, oceans and the belt of transition between land and ocean. Among these three hydrogeological "whales" continental margins (land-ocean belt) were out of the field of hydrogeology, although geologists have been studying the geology of these areas for many years and not unsuccessfully.
It is paradoxical, but it was noted by B.L.Lichkov in 1932 that in the works of V.I.Vernadsky one cannot find the words hydrogeology, hydrogeologist, hydrogeological research, although his works are an inexhaustible storehouse of hydrogeological ideas that defined new directions in hydrogeology, laid the foundations of the theory and methods of research of the underground hydrosphere.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΒΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ...
Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π½Π° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π½Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ...
ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XX Π². ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ...
ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΒΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π½Π° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ...
Π Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΒΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π.Π.ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΒΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ - Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ...
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ. ΠΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΒΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ....
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΒΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΒΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΒΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ. Π€. Π. Π‘Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ , Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ β Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ...
Π Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΒΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΒΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΒΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΒΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ...
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΒΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π» ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ 3 (15) ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 1882 Π³. Π² Π³. ΠΡΠ»Π΅, Π² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ² ΠΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΒΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π» ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΡ Π² 1901 Π³. ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΒΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π² 1904 Π³. ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ...
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ....
Π Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΠ΅ I960 Π³. Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° 100-Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΡΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π. Π€. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ° ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°Π±Π°ΠΉΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΒΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅, Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½, ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ β ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΒΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: 1) ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅; 2) ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ²; 3) Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅; 4) Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅.
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°Π±Π°ΠΉΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π³. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ. Π Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ Π³. Π Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΒΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΒΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΒΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ. Π£Π½Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠ»Π΅ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΒΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ, Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΒΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΉ. Π’Π°ΒΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π¨ΡΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΒΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ.
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ. Π Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π³ΡΠ°ΒΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ; Π² Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ·ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΒΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ β ΡΠΌΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΒΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 1β2, Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ 3 ΠΊΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΡ Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ-ΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ. Π£ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΒΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ, ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄.Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΒΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ².
Π―ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΒΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΎΒΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΒΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠΎΒΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π₯Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π·Π΅ΠΉΒΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ β ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π―ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π : Π₯Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅, Π’ΡΠ½Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π°Π±Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΒΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅, ΠΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΄Π°Π½ΒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΒΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅.
ΠΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² - Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°Π΅Π²Π°, Π. Π. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π. Π‘. ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π΅ [9]; Π. Π. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° [13], Π. Π. ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° [4], Π. Π. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ [7] ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² [5, 6, 1 1 , 14, 18] ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π° Ρr.1Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Β· ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π. Π. ΠΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° [16] ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΒΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ, "Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ" ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° , Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ( Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, , -Β«Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ° Β».
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, a group of hydrogeologists from TsNIGRI β M. M. Vasilievsky, G. A. Lebedev, N. F. Pogrebov, N. A. Revunova, B. K. Terletsky and N. I. Tolstikhin β compiled a general hydrogeological map of the USSR on a scale of 1:5,000,000, with an explanatory note that was being prepared for publication. The war prevented the publication of the work. Most of the compilers of the map and the note β N. F. Pogrebov, M. M. Vasilievsky, G. A. Lebedev, B. K. Terletsky β died. Over the past decade, regional hydrogeology in the USSR has made great strides, but the explanatory note to the map has not lost its interest and significance, therefore, with the permission of the director of VSEGEI, Prof. L. Ya. Nesterov, it is printed in this edition. The map cannot be published by technical reasons. Instead, a hydrogeological zoning scheme is attached, compiled on the basis of a geological map on a scale of 1:7,500,000, published in 1950, taking into account the hydrogeological zoning maps prepared by M. M. Vasilievsky and G. A. Lebedev.
In Soviet times, numerous geological, exploration, hydrogeological and other parties working in South-Eastern Transbaikalia described many mineral springs. Some of them are of great interest both in their original composition and in the conditions of the release and formation of mineral waters. This brief review is intended to familiarize the reader with this new data on the mineral waters of South-Eastern Transbaikalia. Klinsky mineral spring (Klinovsky mineral spring). Mineral water comes out at the base of the slope of the right ravine of the Klin River valley 1 km north of the settlement of Klin. This slope of the ravine faces the southeast. Jurassic and Quaternary sedimentary deposits, as well as igneous rocks, participate in the geological structure of the spring's vicinity. The section of the Upper and Middle, and partly the Lower Jurassic, is presented schematically (from top to bottom).
The first studies of carbonated mineral waters in the vicinity of Bakhchisarai in Crimea in 1916-1917 were conducted by Academician V. A. Obruchev and hydrogeologist of the Tauride Zemstvo Peddakas. Unfortunately, these works were not completed, and V. A. Obruchev's article "The Burun-Kaya Mineral Spring Near Bakhchisarai as a Future "Crimean Resort"" was ignored. Meanwhile, Academician V. A. Obruchev was the first to establish carbonated mineral waters in Crimea. According to his data, the said mineral spring is confined to tectonic cracks of north-eastern extension, intersecting the Upper Cretaceous white marls. Referring the reader to the article, we will cite from it some of the most important data for our topic. V. A. Obruchev writes that the Burun-Kaya spring does not dry up even in the driest years when he helped out the entire surrounding population with water, because other nearby sources, fed by groundwater, dried up.
No systematic work on the study of mineral waters of Transcarpathian Ukraine was carried out before its reunification with the Ukrainian SSR. Individual sources from the point of view of their therapeutic use are briefly characterized in the Bulletin of the Czechoslovak Balneological Society. An attempt to summarize the knowledge of mineral waters of the Transcarpathian region is the work of F. Wiesner, which, however, mainly provides information on the geographical order of 200-odd mineral springs and completely lacks data on the chemical composition of these waters. The information at our disposal at present on the chemical composition of mineral springs of Transcarpathian Ukraine allows us to outline some preliminary patterns in the distribution of various types of mineral waters by area. The Transcarpathian region, which is a young mountainous country, is characterized by the wide development of mineral waters. The number of mineral springs, according to preliminary data, reaches three hundred.
In our report in January 1951 at a conference at the Central Institute of Balneology in Moscow and in an article published in the Notes of the Leningrad Mining Institute, the question was raised about the presence of carbonated mineral waters in Crimea and the need to study them to expand the resort and sanatorium base of Crimea. The work of 1951 completely confirmed the forecasts made. The presence of carbonated waters to the north of the city of Kerch, which we had noted based on the analysis of gas jets in 1950, was completely confirmed in the summer of 1951 by determining the free carbon dioxide in the water of some springs. Within the field of carbonated jets to the west of the city of Kerch, the content of free carbon dioxide in the springs of the Seit-Eli group was determined to be from 577 to 1180 mg/l. Samples for analysis were taken by S. V. Albov. The analysis was carried out by V. A. German in the laboratory of the Crimean Geological Department. Consequently, in addition to the carbonated spring of Kayaly-Sart, we can also talk about about the carbon dioxide springs of the Seit-Elin group.
This article should be considered as the first attempt to provide a zoning scheme for underground mineral waters across the vast territory of our Union. This zoning is based on two features that characterize a particular area: 1) the type of association of mineral waters inherent in a given area, i.e., the characteristics of their gas and chemical composition, temperature, etc., 2) the geological conditions of the area. The study of extensive materials on mineral springs of the USSR showed that mineral waters can be divided into: 1) waters that are almost universally distributed, for example, βferruginousβ; they could be called βcosmopolitanβ waters, 2) waters that have strictly defined areas of their distribution. These are, for example, waters carbonated with carbon dioxide, salty waters, etc. It is convenient to call such waters βregionalβ waters. Typically, a particular region is characterized by not just one type of water, but by a group of waters of different composition. This group of waters is characterized by the predominance of waters of one particular composition over the others. These predominant waters set, as it were, the βmain toneβ to which the rest of the waters of this group are subordinated. The remaining waters of this group are also not βrandomβ, but form an association of waters with common related features, which allows us to speak, as it were, of their βparagenesisβ. There are several such groups of waters, which have a wide regional distribution on the territory of the USSR: 1) a group of alkaline earth hydrocarbonate (less commonly sodium bicarbonate) cold and warm types. carbonating with carbon dioxide, 2) a group of sodium sulfate, chloride, and less often bicarbonate thermal waters, weakly mineralized, carbonating with nitrogen, 3) a group of salty cold waters, highly mineralized, practically gas-free.
"In the works of A. S. Uklonskii, the Palmer classification is detailed and the chemical composition of various types of water is linked to the geological structure of the area and among themselves. In the work of V. A. Priklonsky (V) it is placed in table No.11, where typical graphs are provided for clarity chemical composition for each type of water (according to Rogers). Based on this table, the author plotted various characteristic types of water on a square diagram. As can be seen from this diagram, the distribution of various waters was far from uniform (see article). The numbering of waters makes it easier to divide them into groups for the purpose of further more detailed comparison. It sometimes allows you to monitor changes in the composition of water depending on time, space (along the river, at different depths of a mineral lake), temperature, etc. Finally, the water number is an objective numerical standard that determines the position of a given water in relation to its chemical properties among other natural waters of the globe.