One of the directions of improvement of pyrometallurgical processing is the creation of multi-chamber units, in separate chambers of which different characteristic processes are carried out. Such combined units of ore smelting and slag depletion, conversion and depletion, smelting, conversion and depletion have been developed in recent years in the USSR and abroad ...

For stable operation of the cooled element in the melt, it is necessary to create on its surface a layer of protective garnissage and to ensure that the temperature of the wall of the cooled element is lower than the maximum allowable temperature for the material from which it is made. Under known external conditions of operation of garnissage elements, this can be achieved by choosing the material of construction of the element, cooling coolant, and cooling mode ...

Heat exchange in a converter bath is a complex and still insufficiently studied process. A ball sensor can be used to study the issues of heat exchange in the converter bath. A method for investigating the heat exchange process between a ball sensor and a melt in a converter bath using an analog computer (AVM) is proposed below.