One of the directions for the improvement of pyrometallurgical processing is the creation of multi-chamber units, in separate chambers of which processes of a different nature are carried out. Such combined units for ore smelting and slag depletion, conversion and depletion, and smelting, conversion and depletion have been developed in recent years in the USSR and abroad. ...

For the stable operation of a cooled element in a melt, it is necessary to create on its surface a layer of protective garnissage and to ensure that the temperature of the wall of the cooled element is lower than the maximum allowable temperature for the material from which it is made. Under given external operating conditions of garnissage elements, this can be achieved by choosing the structural material of the element, the coolant, and the cooling mode. ...

Heat transfer in a converter bath is a complex and still insufficiently studied process. A spherical sensor can be used to study heat transfer in the converter bath. A methodology for investigating the heat transfer process between a spherical sensor and the melt of a converter bath using an analog computer (AVM) is proposed below.