In the work we have already substantiated the position on the difference between the hydrogeology of land, oceans and the belt of transition between land and ocean. Among these three hydrogeological "whales" continental margins (land-ocean belt) were out of the field of hydrogeology, although geologists have been studying the geology of these areas for many years and not unsuccessfully.

It is paradoxical, but it was noted by B.L.Lichkov in 1932 that in the works of V.I.Vernadsky one cannot find the words hydrogeology, hydrogeologist, hydrogeological research, although his works are an inexhaustible storehouse of hydrogeological ideas that defined new directions in hydrogeology, laid the foundations of the theory and methods of research of the underground hydrosphere.

Volcanogenic structures occupy a special place in the structure of our planet. During its evolution, the mantle substance was continuously differentiating, melting and rising to the Earth's surface, therefore, volcanogenic rocks of one or another age are widespread in almost every region. However, our attention will be focused on volcanogenic structures of Mesocenozoic age.

The chemistry of groundwater at the bottom of the World Ocean differs sharply from the chemistry of groundwater on the continents. It is determined by the complex interaction of ocean waters, sediments deposited on the bottom, and biogeochemical and other processes.

Hydrogeology of the seabed and ocean floor originated in Russia in the early 20th century. and the most rapid development in the last twenty years by the works of hydrogeologists...

Общая и региональная гидрогеология развивались на базе изучения под­земных вод суши континентов. Огромные пространства дна Мирового океана и морей долгое время оставались вне сферы деятельности гидрогеологов ...

B.L.Lichkov wrote about the great role of the Earth's rotation and the change in time of its rotation rate in the occurrence of earth deformations. He also emphasized the paramount importance in tectonics of the impact on the lithosphere of the Earth's outer shells - the atmosphere and hydrosphere ...

Water is the main driving force of inorganic life on the Earth. The state, structure, properties and composition of water depend on its temperature. The temperature of surface and underground natural waters of the Earth varies within very large limits and is subject to latitudinal climatic, altitudinal orographic and depth zonality. Hence the extreme diversity of natural waters and their interaction with the Earth's shells.

The classification subdivisions known in biology can be taken as a basis for groundwater classification. To build a classification it is necessary first of all to clearly define the subject of hydrogeology as a science and the concept of groundwater. There is no single point of view on this concept. F. P. Savarensky, for example, at first to groundwater referred drop-liquid water filling voids and pores in rocks, capable of moving in them and flowing out or extracting from them, and later - water as a physically independent body in vaporous, solid and, mainly, drop-liquid state...

The decisive factors in the location of groundwater are geologic and physiographic. Geological determine the location and structure of hydrogeologic structures, and their physiographic position - the features of groundwater life of each hydrogeologic structure separately.

A leading researcher of Russian hydrogeology, the first head of the Department of Hydrogeology of the Leningrad Mining Institute, Pavel Ilyich Butov was born on June 3 (15), 1882 in Orel, in a large family of a railway machinist. After graduating from the Orel real school, Pavel Ilyich entered the St. Petersburg Mining Institute in 1901. For his participation in the student revolutionary movement, he was expelled from the institute for two years in 1904 by the decision of the Mining Institute's Council.

Graphical representation most clearly captures those features of the chemical composition of natural waters, which sometimes do not capture other methods. This article discusses just a few ways to graphically represent the six major components of water composition ....

In December 1960, the Leningrad scientific community celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai F. Pogrebov. At the solemn meeting at the All-Russian Geological Institute, where numerous students, representatives of institutions, friends and relatives of Nikolai F. Pogrebov were present, reports on the life and activities of N. F. Pogrebov were read.

The drainless basins are widespread in the zones of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts over a vast area, from Transbaikalia in the east to the Black Sea in the west. Sometimes they reach considerable sizes and great depth. Morphology, geological structure of the basins, their origin are very diverse, but all of them are united by one common feature — absence of runoff. The feeding conditions of lakes located at the bottom of many basins are also diverse. The main sources of feeding of these lakes include waters of: 1) surface runoff, including carved waters; 2) large reservoirs; 3) groundwater; 4) artesian waters.

In hydrogeological terms, the area of Baley can be considered as an intermountain artesian basin composed of Mesozoic and Jurassic sediments, framed by crystalline rocks, stretched almost latitudinally and coordinated with the broad tectonic valley of the Unda River. On the northern wing of the basin within the southern slopes of the Borshchovy Ridge, the southern Borshchovy hydro-mineral line can be traced, characterized by outcrops of cold carbon dioxide springs and dry gas jets. These are, for example, the Shurugunsky springs, the spring in the Semenovaya Pad, the Lozhnikovsky, Zhidkinsky and others. All these springs have water composition close to mineral springs of Darasun. With a small mineralization, the predominant in the composition of water are hydrocarbonates of magnesium and calcium. This so-called Darasun type of carbonic mineral waters is extremely widespread in the Daurian hydro-mineral area.

The study of the artesian basins of the USSR in recent years in connection with the widespread drilling of deep wells has been marked by major achievements. In many artesian basins, the basement underlying their sedimentary complex has been uncovered. In the basins of the European part of the Soviet Union and Eastern Siberia it is represented by granites and gneisses; in the basins of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Western Siberia - by Paleozoic sediments of different age, genesis, composition and various eruptive rocks. For many basins their depth has been established at different points. It often exceeds 1-2, and in some cases even 3 km. For the majority of basins in the European part of the USSR sufficient data have been accumulated to construct the first tentative isohypsum maps of the basement surface. Similar maps can be constructed for the southern part of Western Siberia. The data on the age of rocks composing the basins, their composition, thickness, facies, etc. have been clarified. New data obtained as a result of studying the composition of artesian waters of deep parts of the basins, confirmed and clarified the ideas of Acad. V. I. Vernadsky about the wide distribution of saline waters and brines at depth. At the same time, Soviet scientists developed the doctrine of hydrodynamic and hydrochemical zonality of artesian basins.

The Yakut artesian basin is one of the largest basins in the USSR in terms of area and thickness of sedimentary strata, different in composition, age and origin. The area of the basin is more than one million square kilometers. The thickness of sedimentary deposits is measured in kilometers. In terms of area, this basin exceeds the Dnieper-Donets, Moscow, Verkhnelensk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Khatanga, Nizhnezeisky artesian basins and the largest basin in Western Europe — the Paris basin. Thus, the Yakut artesian basin occupies a central position among the following hydrogeological areas of the USSR: the Khatanga basin in the north, the Tunguska basin and the Anabar hydrogeological massif in the west, the Verkhnelensk basin and the Aldan hydrogeological massif in the south, and the Verkhoyansk hydrogeological folded area in the east.

The zonality of groundwater and its dependence on climatic factors are covered in the works of many soil scientists and hydrogeologists - V. V. Dokuchaev, P. V. Ototsky, V. S. Ilyin, B. L. Lichkov, O. K. Lange [9]; G. A. Maksimovich [13], I. V. Garmonov [4], G. N. Kamensky [7] and others. The issue of zonality of artesian waters is considered by most authors [5, 6, 11, 14, 18] in connection with the processes of dynamics and water exchange, and the role of climatic factors is usually passed over in silence. Only in the work of A. M. Ovchinnikov [16] is it clearly stated about the deep connection of the hydrothermal regime of the earth's crust with the distribution of temperatures on its surface and the importance of this factor for the life of groundwater, in particular, for their composition. However, even in this work the role of climatic factors as factors of zonality artesian waters, artesian waters are not considered are confined to artesian basins, representing historically developing hydrogeological structures. Among artesian basins, one can distinguish open-type artesian basins confined to platforms, "artesian seas" and closed-type artesian basins located inside hydrogeological folded areas (for example, Ferghana), - "artesian lakes".

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, a group of hydrogeologists from TsNIGRI — M. M. Vasilievsky, G. A. Lebedev, N. F. Pogrebov, N. A. Revunova, B. K. Terletsky and N. I. Tolstikhin — compiled a general hydrogeological map of the USSR on a scale of 1:5,000,000, with an explanatory note that was being prepared for publication. The war prevented the publication of the work. Most of the compilers of the map and the note — N. F. Pogrebov, M. M. Vasilievsky, G. A. Lebedev, B. K. Terletsky — died. Over the past decade, regional hydrogeology in the USSR has made great strides, but the explanatory note to the map has not lost its interest and significance, therefore, with the permission of the director of VSEGEI, Prof. L. Ya. Nesterov, it is printed in this edition. The map cannot be published for technical reasons. Instead, a hydrogeological zoning scheme is attached, compiled on the basis of a geological map on a scale of 1:7,500,000, published in 1950, taking into account the hydrogeological zoning maps prepared by M. M. Vasilievsky and G. A. Lebedev.

In Soviet times, numerous geological, exploration, hydrogeological and other parties working in South-Eastern Transbaikalia described many mineral springs. Some of them are of great interest both in their original composition and in the conditions of the release and formation of mineral waters. This brief review is intended to familiarize the reader with this new data on the mineral waters of South-Eastern Transbaikalia. Klinsky mineral spring (Klinovsky mineral spring). Mineral water comes out at the base of the slope of the right ravine of the Klin River valley 1 km north of the settlement of Klin. This slope of the ravine faces the southeast. Jurassic and Quaternary sedimentary deposits, as well as igneous rocks, participate in the geological structure of the spring's vicinity. The section of the Upper and Middle, and partly the Lower Jurassic, is presented schematically (from top to bottom).

The first studies of carbonated mineral waters in the vicinity of Bakhchisarai in Crimea in 1916–1917 were conducted by Academician V. A. Obruchev and the hydrogeologist of the Tauride Zemstvo, Peddakas. Unfortunately, these works were not completed, and V. A. Obruchev's article "The Burun‑Kaya Mineral Spring Near Bakhchisarai as a Future 'Crimean Resort'" was ignored. Meanwhile, Academician V. A. Obruchev was the first to establish the presence of carbonated mineral waters in Crimea. According to his data, this mineral spring is confined to tectonic fractures of northeastern strike intersecting the Upper Cretaceous white marls. Referring the reader to the article, we cite some of the data most important for our topic. V. A. Obruchev writes that the Burun‑Kaya spring does not dry up even in the driest years, "... when it helped out the entire surrounding population" with water, because other nearby springs fed by groundwater dried up.

No systematic work on the study of mineral waters of Transcarpathian Ukraine was carried out before its reunification with the Ukrainian SSR. Individual sources from the point of view of their therapeutic use are briefly characterized in the Bulletin of the Czechoslovak Balneological Society. An attempt to summarize the knowledge of mineral waters of the Transcarpathian region is the work of F. Wiesner, which, however, mainly provides information of a geographical nature on more than 200 mineral springs and completely lacks data on the chemical composition of these waters. The information at our disposal at present on the chemical composition of mineral springs of Transcarpathian Ukraine allows us to outline some preliminary patterns in the distribution of various types of mineral waters by area. The Transcarpathian region, which is a young mountainous country, is characterized by the wide development of mineral waters. The number of mineral springs, according to preliminary data, reaches three hundred.

In our report in January 1951 at a conference at the Central Institute of Balneology in Moscow and in an article published in the Notes of the Leningrad Mining Institute, the question was raised about the presence of carbonated mineral waters in Crimea and the need to study them to expand the resort and sanatorium base of Crimea. The work of 1951 completely confirmed the forecasts made. The presence of carbonated waters to the north of the city of Kerch, which we had noted based on the analysis of gas jets in 1950, was completely confirmed in the summer of 1951 by determining the free carbon dioxide in the water of some springs. Within the field of carbonated jets to the west of the city of Kerch, the content of free carbon dioxide in the springs of the Seit-Eli group was determined to be from 577 to 1180 mg/l. Samples for analysis were taken by S. V. Albov. The analysis was carried out by V. A. German in the laboratory of the Crimean Geological Department. Consequently, in addition to the carbonated spring of Kayaly-Sart, we can also talk about the carbon dioxide springs of the Seit-Elin group.

The author establishes a zonal distribution for different groups of mineral waters on the territory of the USSR, based on numerous facts. The author proposes to name the regions of expansion of mineral waters of one or another of the typical groups mineral water provinces. On the territory of the USSR he distinguishes the following provinces (see map). The first province. Waters of hydro-carbonate, alkaline-earths or (infrequently) sodium and admixed waters, cold and thermal, emanating carbonic acid. The zone of aquiferous fissures of medium depth.. The second province. Sodium waters — sulphate, chloride, hydro-carbonate and admixed, thermal, emanating nitrogen or methane. The zone of deep aquiferous fissures. In this province there may be distinguished regions of expansion of waters with a prevalence of chlorine-ion, emanating methane and characterized by a development of rocks of the sedimentary complex. Such are the Caucasus, the southern part of Turkmenia, Sakhalin and Kamchatka, the area of contemporary volcanic waters, zones of the deepest aquiferous fissures. The third province — saline, strongly mineralized waters, cold, weakly emanating nitrogen or methane. The zone of shallow aquiferous fissures. The Boreal area of saline waters, with negative or extremely low positive temperatures, may be especially distinguished. Moreover the scheme shows regions with rare ferruginous, radioactive and other springs and also places quite barren of mineral waters. Finally — regions of indistinct conditions. The main factors controlling the zonal distribution of the provinces of mineral waters on the territory of the USSR are the following: 1) the composition of the earth crust in the given regions, 2) the position of this region towards the Alpidean folding zone, 3) its position with regard to areas of young uplifts and subsidences, 4) volcanism and several others.

The author introduces a diagram of different water groups according to prof. A. A. Uklonsky. The diagram shows that the detailed Palmer’s classification has several omissions. The author suggests a more perfect numeration of waters, its substance clearly shown on fig. № 2. The essence of this numeration consists of giving the character of the chemical composition of water, sufficient for preliminary general considerations, with the assistance of one number, the so called water number. The water number is derived by means of simple reorganization, or diagrammatically from its chemical composition. By the water number one may calculate, with precision to 4% of reacting values, the sum of r. v. percentages of strong acids, weak acids, strong bases and weak bases. The water number allows to determine its appliance to one or the other group of waters by Palmer’s system. It will facilitate the solution of some genetic problems etc. Finally, the water number is an objective numeral standard determining the position of water in relation to its chemical properties among other natural waters of the globe.