Solving the problems of modern building materials science is reduced to obtaining high-quality materials, expanding and searching for a rational raw material base, which can be carried out through the use of various industrial wastes. In this paper, the possibility of using waste from the mining industry – saponite-containing material (SCM) obtained during the enrichment of kimberlite ores from the Lomonosov diamond deposit, as an active mineral additive for cement binders and concretes is considered. The influence of mechanical and thermal treatment on a number of properties of the material selected from the tailings dump and in its initial state was studied. The study of the surface activity of SCM samples consisted in determining the sorption capacity, acid-base centers and their distribution. An increase in the activity of the surface of the material particles as a result of mechanical activation and its decrease during temperature treatment were determined. These effects are associated with phase rearrangements and structural changes in the sandy-clay rock, which was confirmed during thermal analysis. The temperature effect has no pronounced effect on the microstructure, the “smoothness” of the particles and the formation of a consolidated surface of the structural elements of the saponite-containing material are noted.
Currently, the use of special dust-suppressing reagents is promising to reduce the level of dust in the vicinity and on the territories of pits, mining and processing plants and other facilities with a high content of fine dust. The analysis of ways to reduce the dust-forming ability of inorganic dispersions with a high degree of dusting is carried out. Due to the lack of regulatory and technical documentation devoted to the standardization of quality control methods for dust-suppressing compounds, it becomes necessary to analyze existing parameters and methods for their determination in order to develop mandatory methods for controlling the properties of dust-suppressing compounds, films formed by them and consolidated systems. The study is devoted to substantiating the necessary methods for assessing the dust-forming ability of inorganic dispersions after treatment with various dust suppressants and evaluating their effectiveness. The parameters are considered and methods for quantifying the determination of the quality of the consolidated layer of dust samples using different dust-suppressing compositions are described. As a result of the analysis of the set of parameter values, it was found that the most resistant to the effects of negative factors due to the formation of a denser and more durable polymer matrix mesh are dusting surface samples treated with an emulsion of alkyd glypthalic resin on a water basis with a high agglomerating effect on particles of inorganic dispersion and the formation of a consolidated layer with a wetting angle of 92.5° and a compressive strength 0.56 MPa.
The principles of choice of rational areas of natural and technogenic raw materials use in building materials industry taking into account their typomorphism are formulated.The use of data on typomorphic features of raw materials allows to improve technological parameters, to optimize the synthesis process, to reduce energy intensity of production, to regulate product properties at the stage of selection of raw material components and development of mixture composition.
A crystallochemical approach to the problem of choosing raw materials for the production of inorganic building materials has been proposed and substantiated. Crystallochemical parameters of substances of the following stages are proposed to be used as the main criteria in the selection, design and development of the production technology of building materials: genesis of raw materials, technogenesis, operation of building materials. The dependence of the formation of technological properties of materials on the degree of crystallinity of the initial minerals has been revealed. The formulated principles of choosing the rational area of using natural and anthropogenic raw materials in the building materials industry, based on the crystallochemical features of the main rock-forming minerals, allowed to develop effective fine-grained concretes using wastes of wet magnetic separation of ferrous quartzite and the technology of their production.
Methodological bases of rational use of technogenic raw materials potential are developed. Technogenic processes forming industrial wastes are ranked by the degree of transformation of end products. Depending on the energy content of raw materials (energy provided by natural and technogenic processes) and the energy intensity of operations in the formation of waste, the criteria for assessing the quality and principles of technogenic waste utilization are defined. Approbation of theoretical studies in laboratory conditions confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach and allowed to establish the areas of utilization of large-tonnage wastes of mines. Low water demand binders (LWB) and a wide range of construction materials were synthesized on their basis. Regulatory documents allowing to use these wastes in road industry and construction industry have been prepared.
