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Date submitted1938-08-03
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Date accepted1938-10-16
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Date published1939-02-01
Lavas and associated rocks of the Somma and Vesuvius and a diagram expressing the features of their chemical composition
- Authors:
- A. N. Zavaritskii
This article provides an example of the application of the method of depicting the chemical compositions of rocks using vectors to the study of the phenomena of magma differentiation and magmatic evolution. As such an example, I took the only one of its kind, the most well-studied case, namely the famous volcano Vesuvius in the history of mankind. In the depths of igneous bodies - plutons - processes occur under conditions significantly different from those in which we directly observe magma reaching the earth's surface in the form of lava. Compared to other volcanoes, Vesuvius, thanks to its study, has the advantage that here we even have some data on the progress of the process over time. Regardless of this or that hypothesis, the presence of a shift in the line of differentiation of lavas with each new cycle of volcanic activity can be considered established for the chemistry of rocks. This displacement turns the line of differentiation into a strip of points or vectors. This arrangement of elements, depicting the chemical compositions of rocks in the form of a strip, is a characteristic feature of almost all such diagrams. The general arrangement of these geometric elements, the position of some of the axial lines of their stripes provide a clear general characteristic of the chemistry of the volcanic and plutonic formations presented in the diagram. But this is only the first step towards studying their chemistry with the help of a diagram.
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Date submitted1938-08-12
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Date accepted1938-10-07
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Date published1939-02-01
How to make drawings of thin sections of rocks
- Authors:
- A. N. Zavaritskii
- O. P. Vasnetsova
One can get a thin section drawing in different ways. It goes without saying that only someone who knows how to draw well and who also knows enough petrography can draw a picture observed under a microscope without using any auxiliary equipment. These two qualities are not so common are combined in one person, and besides, this work is so tedious and requires such attention that in practice it is hardly worth using, therefore it is necessary to use some auxiliary devices. There are three main ways: drawing using a drawing device; drawing by projecting an image onto a table; drawing from a photograph. The method of obtaining a thin section pattern outlined in this note is by no means new. It was not only applied, but also described. The purpose of our work was to test its applicability in the conditions with which most of our petrographers now have to deal. One can hope that the use of these simple techniques will lead to an improvement in the quality of petrographic drawings in our publications. It goes without saying that the same techniques can be used to obtain line drawings and other objects, for example, polished opaque sections and even individual outcrops/shapes, etc.
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Date submitted1938-08-22
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Date accepted1938-10-16
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Date published1939-02-01
Phenomena of assimilation and hybridism in alkaline rocks of Tagoba-Sobak
- Authors:
- I. K. Nikitin
From field observations and the study of the stone material at our disposal, it follows that in the magmatic process of formation of alkaline rocks of Tagoba-Sobak, three phases are established, replacing each other in the usual sequence: 1) the intrusive phase, represented by syenites, 2) vein - aplite and albitite, 3) phase of intensive manifestation of the process of pneumatolysis, completing magmatic activity. The last phase is associated with the formation of sodalite, cancrinite and other pegmatites and the automorphic change of rocks of early phases, expressed in intensive metasomatic replacement of primary minerals and leading to the formation of sodalite- and cancrinite- nepheline syenites. The change in the chemical composition of magma from early to late phases was expressed: 1) in the depletion of ferruginous-magnesian components: 2) in the enrichment of the magmatic melt with sodium and silicic acid and 3) in the concentration of mineralizers - F, CL, etc. By comparing the mineralogical composition of various xenoliths, on the one hand, and the mineralogical composition of xenoliths with that of typical biotite-nepheline syenites, on the other, one can be convinced that between the extreme member of the xenolith (vesuvian hybrid) and the biotite-nepheline syenite there is a connection and there are gradual transitions of one rock type to another (see article).
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Date submitted1938-08-13
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Date accepted1938-10-30
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Date published1939-02-01
On the crystallization of hornblende in titanium slags; amendment
- Authors:
- D. P. Grigoryev
The presence of hornblende in slag is of great interest to both mineralogists, petrologists and metallurgists. In the studied titanium scoria, either no mineral is found that is similar to the previously described basaltic hornblende or is not amphibole at all, or it turns out that the mineral identified in the first study as basaltic hornblende is actually olivine, a member of the series of isomorphic compounds Mg₂Si0₄ — Fe₂Si0₄ (maybe with admixtures of some other orthosilicate molecules). This shows that all the assumptions that were made above when accepting the presence of amphibole in slags as a fact are incorrect: these titanium slags are more refractory and more viscous than the hypothetical slag with basaltic hornblende. With this article I would like to show the importance of the issue of the possibility of crystallization of amphiboles in slags and the need for special careful studies of crystalline formations in slags that are more or less similar to amphibole. It seems that in order to accurately establish the possibility of crystallization of minerals of this group in factory slags, those crystalline precipitations that are determined to be amphibole must be examined with X-rays.
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Date submitted1938-08-29
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Date accepted1938-10-10
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Date published1939-02-01
On the genesis of the Lestivarites of Lestivary (Khibiny)
- Authors:
- E. N. Egorova-Fursenko
The collected material with sufficient clarity proves the widespread development of metasomatic processes in the contacts of large pegmatite veins. The width of the zones of change and the intensity of the process are directly dependent on the thickness of the vein, and therefore on the reserves of components moving into the side rock. At the contacts of small veins or generally on some At a distance from them we encounter lightly colored granite-like rocks, so to speak, which have not yet reached the stage of typical lestivarite. Changes in them boil down to greater or lesser albitization of the rock, a decrease or disappearance of quartz and the appearance of alkaline bisilicates. The original minerals are orthoclase, biotite and oligoclase , are present in them in greater or lesser quantities. The process of formation of lestivarites on Lestivar is thus a process of alkaline metasomatism with the introduction of alkalis (Na) and alumina and in the presence of volatiles, mainly water. Due to them and the initial composition of the rock, intense albitization occurs, the formation of alkaline amphibole further from the contact and aegirine closer to the contact; finally, apatite, eudialyte, and sphene appear near the contact. When the rock is completely replaced, macroscopically white and sugar-like rocks are formed, often found at Lestivar and other places of external contact in the fields of migmatite development, intruded by alkaline pegmatite veins. This metasomatic process is similar to the phenomena of alkaline metasomatism described by Goldschmidt, Brögger and others in the contact zones of alkaline intrusions.
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Date submitted1938-08-16
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Date accepted1938-10-19
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Date published1939-02-01
On the mineralogy of pegmatite veins of the Gissar ridge
- Authors:
- I. N. Stulov
In the summer of 1935, the author collected material on the mineralogy of pegmatite veins located on the northern slope of the Gissar ridge in the Kara-su river basin and partly in the Ak-su (Khanaka-su) river basin. The results of processing this material form the content of this article. The author's task did not include a special study and study of the pegmatite veins of the region, but only required an examination of the veins from the point of view of the presence of tin-containing minerals in them. Nevertheless, the collected material turned out to be sufficient for the general mineralogical characteristics of the pegmatites of the region, genetically related to porphyritic granite. Based on all that has been said, it must be assumed that the Central Gissar granite batholith gave rise to certain pegmatite fields. Among the pegmatite bodies there are pegmatites with tin stone. Therefore, the study of pegmatite formations associated with the Gissar batholith should continue. The deposit of tin veins along the river Kara-su should also be studied and explored. Taking into account the above considerations, cassiterite content in these tin veins should be expected to increase with depth. It should be noted that the sharp relief, as well as the frequent natural camouflage of pegmatite veins, all complicate prospecting and exploration work in these areas. But this of course should not confuse researchers.
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Date submitted1938-08-21
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Date accepted1938-10-07
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Date published1939-02-01
On the issue of mineral water provinces of the USSR
- Authors:
- N. I. Tolstikhin
This article should be considered as the first attempt to provide a zoning scheme for underground mineral waters across the vast territory of our Union. This zoning is based on two features that characterize a particular area: 1) the type of association of mineral waters inherent in a given area, i.e., the characteristics of their gas and chemical composition, temperature, etc., 2) the geological conditions of the area. The study of extensive materials on mineral springs of the USSR showed that mineral waters can be divided into: 1) waters that are almost universally distributed, for example, “ferruginous”; they could be called “cosmopolitan” waters, 2) waters that have strictly defined areas of their distribution. These are, for example, waters carbonated with carbon dioxide, salty waters, etc. It is convenient to call such waters “regional” waters. Typically, a particular region is characterized by not just one type of water, but by a group of waters of different composition. This group of waters is characterized by the predominance of waters of one particular composition over the others. These predominant waters set, as it were, the “main tone” to which the rest of the waters of this group are subordinated. The remaining waters of this group are also not “random”, but form an association of waters with common related features, which allows us to speak, as it were, of their “paragenesis”. There are several such groups of waters, which have a wide regional distribution on the territory of the USSR: 1) a group of alkaline earth hydrocarbonate (less commonly sodium bicarbonate) cold and warm types. carbonating with carbon dioxide, 2) a group of sodium sulfate, chloride, and less often bicarbonate thermal waters, weakly mineralized, carbonating with nitrogen, 3) a group of salty cold waters, highly mineralized, practically gas-free.
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Date submitted1938-08-26
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Date accepted1938-10-07
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Date published1939-02-01
About one “detail of the Palmer classification” and about the numbering of waters
- Authors:
- N. I. Tolstikhin
"In the works of A. S. Uklonskii, the Palmer classification is detailed and the chemical composition of various types of water is linked to the geological structure of the area and among themselves. In the work of V. A. Priklonsky (V) it is placed in table No.11, where typical graphs are provided for clarity chemical composition for each type of water (according to Rogers). Based on this table, the author plotted various characteristic types of water on a square diagram. As can be seen from this diagram, the distribution of various waters was far from uniform (see article). The numbering of waters makes it easier to divide them into groups for the purpose of further more detailed comparison. It sometimes allows you to monitor changes in the composition of water depending on time, space (along the river, at different depths of a mineral lake), temperature, etc. Finally, the water number is an objective numerical standard that determines the position of a given water in relation to its chemical properties among other natural waters of the globe.