Vol 62 Iss. 2

The classification subdivisions known in biology can be taken as a basis for groundwater classification. To build a classification it is necessary first of all to clearly define the subject of hydrogeology as a science and the concept of groundwater. There is no single point of view on this concept. F. P. Savarensky, for example, at first to groundwater referred drop-liquid water filling voids and pores in rocks, capable of moving in them and flowing out or extracting from them, and later - water as a physically independent body in vaporous, solid and, mainly, drop-liquid state...

The decisive factors in the location of groundwater are geologic and physiographic. Geological determine the location and structure of hydrogeologic structures, and their physiographic position - the features of groundwater life of each hydrogeologic structure separately.

Perennially frozen rocks on the territory of the USSR are found in areas with different geomorphologic and geological-structural structure and occupy 49.7% of the country's territory. In the section of any region, three zones are clearly traceable.

The existing methods of studying and quantifying groundwater flow are practically applicable only if there are long-term observations of the natural water regime on a dense network of reference points. The south of the Far East (FE) is poorly studied hydrologically and hydrogeologically. For complex solution of groundwater flow problem even in regional aspect, not to mention complicated conditions of mountainous areas, these methods are unsuitable.

When groundwater head decreases by the value S, effective stresses in rocks increase by the value γ₀S(γ₀ - volumetric weight of water), as a result of which rocks undergo additional compression, which is accompanied by outflow of part of pore water.

The gallery method of calculating well flow rate at steady filtration, developed by Academician A. P. Krylov, is widely used in the operation of oil fields with water-pressure reservoir regime. Analysis of this method in relation to pressure unconfined aquifers shows that it can be used for approximate hydrogeological calculations of circular groundwater intakes. At the same time, rows of production wells are conditionally replaced by galleries identical to them in outline and size. Oil withdrawal from the reservoir with water pressure regime leads to simultaneous movement of oil and water in it, i.e. to two-phase filtration, which in hydrodynamic calculations through the ratio of dynamic viscosities of oil and water is replaced as if single-phase filtration.

Until recently, when calculating water intakes laid in the weathering zone, the filtration homogeneity of fractured rock massifs was assumed; the decrease of their water permeability with depth was not taken into account, which led to inevitable errors. L.V. Borevsky proposed a method of calculating the water inflow to the well, based on the condition that the rock filtration coefficient in the weathering zone decreases with depth according to a linear law. It has allowed to specify considerably calculations of water intakes.

As geochemical studies on the area of permafrost spreading show, even for ore bodies entirely located in the frozen rock zone, liquid or salt scattering halos are detected on the day surface, which are related to these bodies by origin.

Salts of marine origin that enter the land with precipitation and return to the sea with river runoff are often referred to as cyclic...

The Kronotskaya River is located on the east coast of Kamchatka, northeast of Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. It is about 45 km long, with a total drop of 375 m. On its way from Kronotsky Lake to Kronotsky Bay, the river crosses two different areas both in relief and geological structure: in its upper reaches - the Eastern Volcanic Area, in its lower reaches - the Kronotsky coastal plain.

The Leningrad oil shale deposit (b. Gdovskoye) is characterized by increased watercutting, which is associated with its karst formation. The average water content of four operating mines is currently about 7 m3 per 1 m of production, and in the pre-war years it reached 59 m³/t and more. Sustained average annual inflows to individual mines RASge from 520 to 1060 m³/h and total inflows from 2500 to 3300 m³/h. Over the last 15 years, 384 million m³ of water has been pumped and the average inflow to the mines has been about 3000 m3/h. There is no tendency to decrease the total water inflow.

In the successful implementation of the construction plan and the development of vast territories an important role is played by design, outlining the rational geographical location of various types of construction and the economically most profitable implementation at high rates. In this light, the regional engineering-geological study of certain areas of the USSR on the basis of generalization of available materials and setting special studies is of great importance.

Changes in the engineering-geological conditions of mineral deposits are especially significant in the open-pit mining method. In areas of large quarries they are manifested to a depth of several hundred meters, covering areas of hundreds of square kilometers.

In the open-pit method of bauxite mining at the quarries of the Tikhvin Alumina Refinery, as a result of erosion by surface and underground waters of sandy-clay and bauxite rocks that make up the ledges of the sides, working platforms, dumps, as well as the bottom and walls of drainage ditches, there is pollution of mine water.

The strength of clay rocks is largely determined by their water content and the ratio of its various categories. At present, most authors consider the types of water categories in terms of their formation under the influence of the energy field of the clay particle. It is known that the strength of any energy field decreases according to the law close to exponential, so the tRASsition of water from one category to another is gradual and smooth. When imposing a particle field on water, its structure is distorted due to changes in the nature of tRASslational motion of water molecules.

The question of the relationship of manifestations of creep of clayey rocks with the conditions of formation of their physical and mechanical properties and the nature of the nature of structural bonds remains poorly studied. The most fully investigated in this respect is only the Late Glacial banded sediments of Leningrad.

Among late and postglacial deposits in the countries of Scandinavia, in some areas of Canada and the USA, blue soft-plastic and mobile floating clays are well known. Their properties are similar to the clays of the coastal belt of the White Sea and the basins of the lower reaches of rivers flowing into it (Kem, Vyg, etc.). Similar deposits are also known on the Kola Peninsula.

For a reasonable calculation of the depth of the active zone of structures and stability of quarry sides, studying the problems associated with the natural compaction of rock strata requires an unambiguous solution to the question of the need to take into account the weighting of the rock skeleton by pore waters.

The study of ice regime in the basins of the Moma and Tikhon-Yuryakh rivers was aimed at recommending rational measures for ice control and developing a methodology for accounting for ice phenomena in the overall balance of surface and groundwater.