Vol 62 Iss. 2

The classification subdivisions known in biology can be used as a basis for a groundwater classification. To construct a classification, it is necessary first of all to clearly define the subject of hydrogeology as a science and the concept of groundwater. There is no unified point of view on this concept. F. P. Savarensky, for example, initially classified as groundwater the drop-liquid water filling voids and pores in rocks, capable of moving in them and of flowing out of or being extracted from them, and later — water as a physically independent body in a vaporous, solid and, mainly, drop-liquid state. ...

The decisive factors in the distribution of groundwater are geological and physiographic. Geological factors determine the location and structure of hydrogeological structures, and their physiographic position determines the characteristics of the groundwater regime of each hydrogeological structure individually.

Perennially frozen rocks within the territory of the USSR are found in areas with different geomorphological and geological-structural features and occupy 49.7% of the country's area. In the section through any region, three zones can be clearly traced.

The existing methods of studying and quantifying groundwater runoff are practically applicable only when long-term observation data on the natural water regime from a dense network of benchmark points are available. The south of the Far East (FE) is hydrologically and hydrogeologically poorly studied. For a comprehensive solution of the groundwater runoff problem, even on a regional scale — let alone the complex conditions of mountainous areas — these methods are unsuitable.

When groundwater head decreases by a value S, effective stresses in rocks increase by a value γ₀S (γ₀ is the volumetric weight of water), and as a result the rocks undergo additional compression, accompanied by the outflow of some pore water.

The gallery method for calculating well flow rates under steady-state filtration, developed by Academician A. P. Krylov, is widely used in the production of oil fields with a water-drive reservoir regime. An analysis of this method as applied to confined infinite aquifers shows that it can quite well be used for approximate hydrogeological calculations of ring water intakes of groundwater. In this case, the rows of production wells are conditionally replaced by galleries identical to them in outline and dimensions. Oil production from a reservoir with a water-drive regime leads to the simultaneous movement of oil and water in it, i.e., to two-phase filtration, which, in hydrodynamic calculations, is replaced by what is essentially single-phase filtration through the ratio of the dynamic viscosities of oil and water.

Until recently, when calculating water intakes located in the weathering zone, the filtration homogeneity of fractured rock massifs was assumed; the decrease in their water permeability with depth was not taken into account, which led to inevitable errors. L.V. Borevsky proposed a method of calculating the water inflow to the well, based on the condition that the filtration coefficient of the rock in the weathering zone decreases with depth according to a linear law. This has made it possible to considerably refine calculations of water intakes.

As geochemical studies in permafrost areas show, even for ore bodies located entirely in the frozen rock zone, liquid or salt dispersion halos are detected at the ground surface, which are genetically related to these bodies.

Salts of marine origin that enter land via atmospheric precipitation and are returned to the sea via river runoff are often called cyclic ...

The Kronotskaya River is located on the eastern coast of Kamchatka, to the northeast of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. It is about 45 km long, with a total drop of 375 m. On its way from Kronotsky Lake to Kronotsky Bay, the river crosses two areas that differ both in topography and geological structure: in its upper reaches, the Eastern Volcanic Region; in its lower reaches, the Kronotsky Coastal Plain.

The Leningrad oil shale deposit (formerly Gdovskoye) is characterized by high watercutting, which is associated with its karst nature. The average water-yield coefficient of the four operating mines is currently about 7 m³ per 1 m of extraction, and in the pre-war years it reached 59 m³/t and more. Stable average annual inflows to individual mines range from 520 to 1,060 m³/h, and total inflows from 2,500 to 3,300 m³/h. Over the last 15 years, 384 million m³ of water has been pumped out, and the average inflow to the mines has been about 3,000 m³/h. No downward trend in total water inflow is observed.

In the successful implementation of the construction plan and the development of vast territories, an important role is played by design, which outlines the rational geographical distribution of various types of construction and their economically most advantageous implementation at high rates. In this light, regional engineering-geological investigation of various areas of the USSR based on the generalization of available materials and the setting up of special studies assumes great importance.

Changes in the engineering-geological conditions of mineral deposits are especially significant in open-pit mining. In areas of large open-pit mines they extend to a depth of several hundred meters, covering areas of hundreds of square kilometers.

In the open-pit mining of bauxite at the Tikhvin Alumina Plant, the erosion by surface and groundwater of the sandy–clayey and bauxite rocks composing the bench faces, working platforms, waste dumps, as well as the bottom and walls of drainage ditches, results in the pollution of mine waters.

The strength of clay rocks is largely determined by their water content and the proportions of its various categories. At present, most authors consider water categories from the standpoint of their formation under the influence of the energy field of the clay particle. It is known that the intensity of any energy field decreases approximately exponentially, and therefore the transition of water from one category to another is gradual and smooth. When the particle field is superimposed on water, its structure is distorted as a result of changes in the character of the translational motion of water molecules.

The question of the relationship of manifestations of creep of clayey rocks with the conditions of formation of their physical and mechanical properties and the nature of the nature of structural bonds remains poorly studied. The most fully investigated in this respect is only the Late Glacial varved sediments of Leningrad.

Among late- and postglacial deposits in Scandinavian countries, in some areas of Canada and the USA, blue soft-plastic and quick clays are well known. In terms of their properties, they are similar to the clays of the coastal belt of the White Sea and the basins of the lower reaches of the rivers flowing into it (Kem, Vyg, etc.). Similar deposits are also known in the Kola Peninsula.

For a reasonable calculation of the depth of the active zone of structures and stability of quarry sides, and for studying the problems associated with the natural compaction of rock strata, an unambiguous solution is required to the question of the need to take into account the buoyant effect of pore waters on the rock skeleton.

The study of the ice regime in the basins of the Moma and Tikhon-Yuryakh rivers was aimed at recommending rational measures for ice control and at developing a methodology for accounting for ice phenomena in the overall balance of surface and groundwater.