Главное назначение основных производственных фондов (ОПФ) - увеличить производительность и улучшить условия труда человека. Опенка эффективности использования основных производственных фондов наша выражение в показателе фондоотдачи, подучившем наиболее широкое распространение и применение. Однако вопрос о методике его исчисления до сих пор не получил окончательного решения ...
Рост производительности труда является коренным вопросом политики и практики коммунистического строительства, непременным условием подъема благосостояния народа, создания изобилия материальных и культурных благ для трудящихся ...
Главная экономическая задача партии и советского народа, — говорится в Программе КПСС, — состоит в том, чтобы в течение двух десятилетий создать материально-техническую базу коммунизма. Одним из важнейших направлений создания материально-технической базы коммунизма является рациональное использование трудовых ресурсов с целью достижения в интересах общества наибольших результатов при наименьших затратах труда ...
The conditions for developing heavily flooded brown coal deposits in the Moscow Basin, located in unstable rocks, are determined by the features of their geological and hydrogeological structure. For deep-lying deposits in the southern and western wings of the basin, the main feature is the presence of a subcoal aquifer with a water pressure of up to 90 m. These pressure waters are the cause of water breakthroughs from the soil of mine workings. At the same time, clay strata lying in the soil of mine workings and protecting them from water breakthroughs from the subcoal aquifer are of decisive importance for the safe conduct of preparatory and cleaning mining operations. The thickness of the subcoal clay layer and its strength determine the need and scale of drainage measures during deposit development. All other things being equal, the need to reduce the pressure of subcoal waters and the magnitude of this reduction will depend on the minimum strength of clays. Facts show that under the action of hydrostatic pressure, the soil of mines workings will experience tension when bending. Therefore, to correctly select the scheme and volume of drainage works, it is necessary to know the ultimate tensile strength of clays, their temporary resistance. The temporary tensile strength is usually the smallest compared to the temporary resistance to shear (shear) and compression. Thus, the value of the temporary tensile strength of clays is the main calculation parameter for deciding on the need to drain mine fields. Meanwhile, the tensile strength of clays has hardly been studied. In numerous articles devoted to the development and drainage of brown coal deposits in the Moscow Basin, this issue has hardly been covered.
The development of brown coal deposits in the Moscow Basin is associated with serious difficulties caused by the instability of the host rocks and their high water content. Water content is the cause of peculiar phenomena called breakthroughs. A breakthrough is the release of water or quicksand into mine workings. According to their location and origin, breakthroughs can be divided into two types: 1) breakthroughs from the soil and 2) breakthroughs from the roof. The nature and mechanics of the phenomenon of breakthroughs from the soil and roof are different. A breakthrough from the roof can occur in all cases when, during a roof collapse in a development working or a stope, the above-coal aquifer falls into the collapse zone, regardless of whether it is confined or unconfined. The presence of confined water increases the intensity of the breakthrough and makes it more dangerous in its consequences. For a breakthrough from the floor of a mine working to occur, the presence of a subcoal aquifer is necessary, but still not a sufficient condition. A breakthrough can occur only when the subcoal waters have a pressure that exceeds the level of the workings' soil and are separated from the latter by a low-power impermeable layer. The mechanism of a breakthrough from the soil is reduced to the destruction of the subcoal clay layer that blocks the access of the subcoal aquifer waters to the preparatory or treatment workings. The main active force that destroys the thickness of subcoal clays is the hydrostatic pressure of the subcoal waters.
In the last decade, the coal industry of the Moscow Basin has been developing rapidly. By the end of 1950, coal production in the Moscow Basin had increased threefold compared to the pre-war level. In the coming years, the growth rate of the coal industry will be significantly higher than the rates achieved during the post-war five-year plan. Mine construction is underway on a broad front in the Moscow Basin. New deposits in the western wing of the basin, located in more complex hydrogeological conditions than the deposits in the southern wing, are being developed. This article covers a number of issues related to the choice of a development system, its elements, and the method of managing rock pressure as applied to the conditions of brown coal deposits in the western wing of the Moscow Basin.
