The concept of “probability” occupies a prominent place in the categorical apparatus of modern science, but a number of issues related to the clarification of the meaning of probability and the conditions of applicability of this concept have not been sufficiently investigated so far. Among them is the problem of the possibility of attributing probability to single events. Considering this question, we will deal only with the mathematical concept of probability and the logical interpretation based on this mathematical concept, leaving aside the philosophical aspect of probability, shown by the author in another work.

The Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, adopted by the XXII Congress, envisages new progress of Soviet science and outlines the main tasks facing the various fields of theoretical knowledge. Referring to the tasks of philosophy, the Program of the CPSU points out: “In the age of rapid development of science, the development of philosophical problems of modern natural science on the basis of dialectical materialism as the only scientific method of cognition acquires even greater urgency.

In the works “Anti-Dühring”, “Dialectics of Nature”, “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy” Friedrich Engels pays much attention to philosophical issues of natural science. The statements of F. Engels concerning mathematics, cosmology, physics, chemistry, biology have been repeatedly commented on. This article analyzes the statements of F. Engels concerning geology.

V. I. Lenin’s book “Materialism and Empirio‑criticism” was published half a century ago. During this time, it has successfully stood the test of time and become even more relevant. In this work, further developing dialectical and historical materialism and combating attempts by revisionists and bourgeois philosophers to “refute and surpass” Marxism, V. I. Lenin at the same time provided a detailed analysis of the natural and necessary connection between natural science and philosophy, showing that modern natural science is an arena of the most acute struggle between two irreconcilable philosophical parties – the struggle between materialism and idealism. Examining the “crisis of physics” that arose at the beginning of the 20th century, V. I. Lenin revealed the causes of “physical idealism” and predicted the way out of this crisis.