The Iksinskoye bauxite deposit was discovered in 1949 and explored in 1950-1953. The Northern Complex Geological Exploration Expedition of the North-Western Geological Department.
Enterprises of the USSR Mintsvetmet are quite diverse both in the type of non-ferrous metals and in their profile. The geography of deposits of this industry is also quite extensive.
The development of bauxite deposits in the North Onega region by open pit mining has required the creation of significant external dumps. Currently observed deformations on the dumps reduce their capacity, reduce the efficiency of utilization of the areas allocated for dumps, complicate the system of mining.
The demands for mineral raw materials are continuously growing. Already now there is a tendency in the world to double the volume of mining production in every 10-12 years ...
A special place in the problem of protection and rational use of subsoil is occupied by the development of mineral deposits by open-pit method. Under the influence of mining operations there are deep qualitative changes in the engineering and geological conditions of open-pit fields and adjacent areas, which go far beyond the boundaries of the deposits. ...
Development of alluvial deposits of minerals is almost always connected with the necessity to include large volumes of surface water in the working cycle of mining enterprises. In the process of open pit mining, process water is enriched with a large amount of suspended material, the content of which in some cases reaches 15-20 g/L. A significant part of these process waters is returned to the river network. Annually within the Magadan region only from washing of metal-bearing placers 1-1,2 billion m3 of process water enters the river network. ...
Changes in the engineering-geological conditions of mineral deposits are especially significant in the open-pit mining method. In areas of large quarries they are manifested to a depth of several hundred meters, covering areas of hundreds of square kilometers.
In the open-pit method of bauxite mining at the quarries of the Tikhvin Alumina Refinery, as a result of erosion by surface and underground waters of sandy-clay and bauxite rocks that make up the ledges of the sides, working platforms, dumps, as well as the bottom and walls of drainage ditches, there is pollution of mine water.
In the Tikhvin mining district in the open-pit mining method in the sides of the quarries are exposed mainly sandy and clayey rocks of the Carboniferous and covering them Quaternary boulder loams. In a number of quarries of the region, landslides of the sides and rock ledges are observed, and less frequently their slides. During snowmelt or as a result of precipitation, the Quaternary rocks are overmoistened, and their bearing capacity is sharply reduced. Decrease in bearing capacity of boulder loams adversely affects the working conditions of walking excavators: their maneuverability decreases, the base of the excavator often sinks into the ground up to 0,4-0,5 m, sometimes the bearing capacity of the over-moistened over-wet soil is insufficient and excavators without additional measures (sand and gravel-pebble cushions, scaffolding under the pile, etc.) can not work at all ....
Variability of geological structure, hydrogeological conditions and physical and mechanical properties of rocks is characteristic of open pit mine fields of many mineral deposits. Often the thickness of the rocks to be excavated also varies significantly. All this leads to variability of rock stability conditions in the slopes of mine workings in one open pit field. In such cases, based on the analysis of natural conditions to justify the design solutions of open-pit mining, it is advisable to subdivide (zoning) quarry field into areas with similar engineering and geological conditions that determine a unified approach to the design and organization of mining operations. Let's consider such zoning in connection with the assessment of rock stability on the example of quarry fields of the Tikhvin mining district ...
In the central part of the Tikhvin mining district under the thickness of moraine deposits underlies the Lower Carboniferous sediments, represented mainly by sandy-clayey rocks. During mining operations, these rocks are exposed in the sides of the quarries. The composition and properties of the rocks of the area were studied in connection with the calculation of the angle of embedment of the sides of the projected quarries, the development of measures to combat landslide phenomena in the slopes of mine workings, calculating the drainage of quarry fields, assessing the stability of working sites for walking excavators and other issues related to mining ...
During the open-pit mining of the Tikhvin bauxite deposits, where production is expected to increase significantly in the near future, breaches of the sides and outer dumps occur at a number of open-pit mines. At some mines (9, and to a lesser extent 6, 13 and 3) landslides and slumps significantly complicate the organization of work at the open pits and increase the cost of bauxite.
Mining operations at many bauxite deposits of the Tikhvin district are complicated by unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. In such conditions it is advisable to dewater overburden, which considerably increases the stability of the sides of open pits composed of sandy clay rocks and creates normal conditions for the operation of machinery and transport.
During open-pit mining of bauxite deposits at a number of mines in the Tikhvin bauxite-bearing region, deformations of pit sides and overburden dumps are observed. Deformations manifest themselves mainly in the form of landslides and slumps. The extent and dynamics of landslide phenomena at different mines vary. In some cases, landslides significantly complicate mining operations and increase the cost of minerals.
Introduction. In 1954 and 1955 in the Laboratory of Engineering Geology of the Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of the Leningrad Mining Institute the physical and mechanical properties of ancient alluvial clayey rocks were studied in order to recommend them as a construction material for the construction of an earthen dam on the Emba River in the area of the Aral-Tyube tract. The work was carried out under the assignment of the Leningrad State Institute for Design, Water and Land Reclamation Construction. In the process of laboratory studies were carried out: a) study of the material composition, properties and condition of clayey rocks; b) determination of changes in the properties of these rocks in connection with the violation of natural composition and long-term immersion in water; c) clarification of the nature of their compactibility.
A large number of stadiums and sports grounds have been built and are in operation in the USSR. In addition, hundreds of new sports facilities are built annually at factories, educational institutions, collective and state farms. In the process of new construction, operation, current, preventive and major repairs of stadiums and sports grounds there is a need for objective assessment of the composition and condition of artificial soils (special mixtures). At present, a subjective method is taken as a basis for the assessment of artificial soils, the reliability of which is not always correct. So far, for the quality assessment of running tracks, athletics sectors, tennis and other sports grounds their granulometric composition, physical-mechanical and water properties are not taken as a basis. The lack of objective assessment methods is explained by the undeveloped technical requirements for artificial soils. Thus, for example, the standard project of a normal sports core states: “...the coastal track should be elastic, flexible, have a constant volume, have a level surface of the top layer and good resistance to atmospheric (rain, snow, ice, wind) and mechanical influences...”. These requirements can by no means be called technical and do not allow for an objective assessment of the composition and condition of special mixtures.
Presence of salts in the rock often creates difficulties of methodological order when studying granulometric composition and physical and mechanical properties of rocks. The methodology of analysis of saline rocks is still poorly developed. In the present work some methodical questions on preparation of rock for granulometric analysis, determination of plasticity and specific gravity are considered, which are solved in relation to carbonate-clayey rocks of Tatar layer of Permian system. The methodology and technique of determination of physical and mechanical properties of saline differences of sandy and clayey soils are devoted to a considerable number of works, mainly aimed at the study of soil preparation for analysis - the main factor affecting the results of analysis. The question of preparation of non-saline rocks for analysis is solved relatively easily and does not cause much disagreement, while the question of preparation of saline rocks turns out to be very complicated.
The number of sports facilities in our country is constantly growing, dozens and hundreds of large and small stadiums, sports bases, water and rowing stations are put into operation every year. In the last period alone, the construction of the largest stadium in Europe - the S. M. Kirov Stadium in Leningrad, a large stadium in Baku and a velodrome in Moscow - was completed. The construction of sports facilities in the full sense of the word began only after the Great October Socialist Revolution. This type of cultural construction received its greatest scope during the years of Stalin's five-year plans. The construction of sports facilities as a new type of construction has set designers and builders a number of new tasks due to the requirements of sports technology. There was a need to develop principles of sports design, create technically advanced standard projects, introduce uniform standards for construction work and resolve a number of other issues.
The article presents a method for making film monoliths, which we used in 1950 when studying the soil and ground conditions of the stadium sites of the DSO "Medic", named after V. I. Lenin in Leningrad and the City Stadium in Vyborg. We based the proposed method on some experience in making film monoliths by Professor K. Orvik and personal results of selecting monoliths at the indicated sites. The value of film monoliths for geologists and engineering geologists involved in studying the soil and ground conditions of construction sites, stadiums, etc. is obvious. Film monoliths can be of no less importance in geological mapping of Quaternary deposits represented by sandy, clayey and sandy loam rocks. It is known that when documenting sedimentary rocks with a loose structure, there is a desire to "reinforce" the sketch and description of the outcrop with samples with the most characteristic textural and structural features of these rocks, while preserving the sequence of stratification and the diversity of their color. Meanwhile, obtaining samples of loose rocks from deposits of cross-bedded sands, varved clays and lacustrine-marsh deposits is very difficult.
