The specifics of geodesic network creation for bridge transition across Kama River in the vicinity of Kazan are discussed. The construction of geodesic network consisting of regular shape figures was not possible due to the great length of the bridge transition, features characteristics of the locality and the position of control points, which were chosen for the commodity of construction. Linear-angular network gaunt along the axis of the transition was created. The network was based on the control points located on the short area. Due to these circumstances many additional measurements were done to achieve desirable precision of point positioning. The most reliable line of the net was determined using several variants of adjustment. This line was chosen as the initial for final calculations. The level lines were created in winter time on ice because the control points were separated by rivers. The created geodesic net was used during the following construction of piers of the bridges.
The issues of creating high-altitude networks to support the construction of large and out-of-grade bridges are considered. The main attention is paid to the transfer of marks through large water obstacles by methods of geometric and trigonometric leveling. Recommendations are given on methods of performing leveling on ice for rivers with stable ice cover, as well as for transferring marks on rivers in the absence of a stable ice cover. During transfer of marks the possibility of using modern electronic total stations is considered. Concrete examples of works on transfer of marks by leveling on ice (bridge crossing of the Kama river several kilometers long) are given, and also experience of creation of a height network during construction of the cable-stayed bridge through the Neva river in Saint Petersburg with the help of high precision levels and electronic total station is described.
