Vol 26 Iss. 2

He solution of various geological exploration problems by geophysical exploration methods is generally divided into two main operations: 1) the study of the physical field (magnetic, gravitational, etc.), against the background of normal values ​​of which anomalous values, caused by the influence of various geological objects, are more or less clearly distinguished; 2) geological interpretation of the physical field, i.e. decoding (quantitative or qualitative) of anomalous values As a result of these measurements, sometimes quite complex, including in the overwhelming majority of cases elements of mathematical processing, and in some cases interpretation (seismograms, spectrograms), exploration geophysicists will receive for each point where the measurement was made, a certain value of the parameter of the physical field. Based on these values, graphs, contour maps, vector plans, hodographs, etc. can be constructed, which are the main and only material subject to interpretation in the geological sense of the word. However, before proceeding to the interpretation of the obtained graphs, maps, hodographs, etc., it is necessary to have a very clear idea of ​​their reliability, or, in other words, it is necessary to take into account the magnitude of the error made during measurements, which characterizes the field accuracy of observations. Although the field accuracy of observations is not the only factor determining the accuracy of the geological interpretation of results, in a number of cases it plays a very significant role along with other factors (observation network, physical properties of rocks, etc.).

"In the petrographic study of coals, one has to deal with a number of concepts and terms that change their meaning over time as science develops. Therefore, at each stage of the development of coal petrography, as in any other scientific field, there is a need to revise the terminology used, clarify concepts, and establish a connection between different groups of terms. Among the current issues of coal petrography that require clarification, one of the first is the issue of macro- and microstructure and their relationship. Then comes the issue of the relationship between structure and texture, which is sometimes understood in different ways. Next comes the issue of the material composition of coals and its relationship with structure and other factors. Finally, the most difficult problem arises in linking genetic concepts with structure and texture. To do this, it is necessary to consider these issues comprehensively, in their relationship and in development, since structural differences and material changes can be considered at different stages of the development of coal matter (brown coal - anthracite).

The first studies of carbonated mineral waters in the vicinity of Bakhchisarai in Crimea in 1916-1917 were conducted by Academician V. A. Obruchev and hydrogeologist of the Tauride Zemstvo Peddakas. Unfortunately, these works were not completed, and V. A. Obruchev's article "The Burun-Kaya Mineral Spring Near Bakhchisarai as a Future "Crimean Resort"" was ignored. Meanwhile, Academician V. A. Obruchev was the first to establish carbonated mineral waters in Crimea. According to his data, the said mineral spring is confined to tectonic cracks of north-eastern extension, intersecting the Upper Cretaceous white marls. Referring the reader to the article, we will cite from it some of the most important data for our topic. V. A. Obruchev writes that the Burun-Kaya spring does not dry up even in the driest years, "... when he helped out the entire surrounding population" with water, because other nearby sources, fed by groundwater, dried up.

In the Moscow Basin, clay deposits occupy a significant part of the section of the sandy-clayey coal-bearing suite of the Lower Carboniferous. This suite is almost continuously distributed throughout the basin (Fig. 1). Throughout its length, it is characterized by the inconsistency of the section in the vertical and horizontal directions. Along the southern wing of the basin, the coal beds are thicker, while to the north, along the western wing, the coal content of the suite gradually decreases, and already in the section of the Tikhvin region only black carbonaceous clays and occasionally thin coal interlayers are observed. At the same time, the saturation of the section with refractory clays is significantly reduced here, the place of which is occupied by bauxite deposits and red sandy clays. The variability of the section of the coal-bearing suite is explained by the coastal-marine and coastal-continental conditions of its accumulation. The change in the structure of the coal-bearing suite along the strike is the result of the facies replacement of coal by carbonaceous clays, and then carbonaceous clays by red sandy clays. A. E. Ulmer believes that the southern part of the western wing and the southern wing of the Moscow Basin are included in the facies zone of accumulation of continental and coastal-marine sediments, and the northern part of the western wing is included in the facies zone characterized by the predominance of continental erosion over accumulation.

Determining the possible water inflow is of significant practical interest in designing pits for structures or determining inflows to open mine workings, when the construction of pits or workings is associated with the opening of water-bearing confined strata. Existing methods for determining the filtration inflow in this case, as a rule, are aimed at most accurately establishing its specified value based on hydrogeological characteristics using hydraulic or hydromechanical methods. At the same time, the desire to establish the most accurate value of the filtration inflow is far from always justified for the following reasons. The value of the inflow is primarily of interest either when drawing up a project for the production and organization of excavation work, or when establishing the inflow to mine workings during the development of mineral deposits, when the ultimate goal is to establish drainage methods, the number and performance of the required pumps, energy requirements, etc. Experience in designing construction work shows that the filtration inflow can be established with an accuracy of up to several cubic meters per hour, which provides sufficient opportunity to determine the necessary drainage facilities. Thus, the approximate value of the filtration inflow for the above purposes can be considered acceptable.

The mixing of two waters with different concentrations and chemical compositions can be analyzed by the graph-analytical method proposed by A. N. Ogilvy. Having established the rectilinear law of mixing two waters, A. N. Ogilvy constructs a graph in a rectangular coordinate system, plotting the total mineralization of the mixed water along the x-axis, and the content of individual components in the mixing waters along the y-axis. Such a graph-nomogram does not make it possible to take into account the volumes of mixing waters. The nomogram we propose compensates for the shortcoming of A. N. Ogilvy's graph and can be used in cases where it is necessary to determine the quantities of mixing waters. The nomogram we constructed is based on the law of change of all components of mixing waters according to the equation of a straight line established by A. N. Ogilvy. The content of components in mg/l or g/l from 0 to any value limited by the data of chemical analysis is plotted along the y-axis in a certain scale. The divisions convenient for calculating the ratio of the volumes of mixing waters are plotted along the x-axis, let's put it from 0 to 10 or, more conveniently, from 0 to 100. The left column of the nomogram (y-axis) is allocated for the components of one of the mixing waters, the right one - for the components of the second water.

The essence of physicochemical analysis, created and formalized by Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov into a special department of physical chemistry studying the equilibrium of various systems, consists in the application of physical methods to determine the chemical nature of substances formed in binary and multicomponent systems. The general method of physicochemical analysis consists in the quantitative study of the properties of equilibrium systems formed, depending on their composition, by two or more components. The result of the measured values ​​is a composition-property diagram consisting of one or more lines, the positions of which determine the state of the system. The scientific works of the Kurnakov school were distinguished by their purposefulness and were mainly aimed at determining the characteristics of a chemical individual formed in binary and multicomponent systems in contrast to an ordinary solution of the same components. In other words, to determine how a substance that we can and should call a chemical individual differs from an ordinary solution of the components that form a chemical individual. The same question was posed to Proulx by Berthollet more than a hundred years ago, demanding a precise definition of both concepts. Dalton and Gay-Lussac, Wald and Ostwald were also concerned with this question.