-
Date submitted2020-05-28
-
Date accepted2020-05-28
-
Date published2020-06-30
The age of mineralization of Mayskoe gold ore deposit (Central Chukotka): results of Re-Os isotopic dating
The article presents the results of the sulfide mineralization dating of the Mayskoe gold ore deposit using the Re-Os isotope system and isochron age estimation method of the main sulfide minerals: arsenopyrite, pyrite, and antimonite. The complex multistage formation of the studied sulfides, as well as the close intergrowths of genetically different mineral phases, did not allow obtaining a single rhenium-osmium isochron corresponding to the formation time of sulfide mineralization. Isochrones for single minerals, collected from each sulfide sample, turned out to be the result of isotopically distinct components mixture (radiogenic crustal and non-radiogenic mantle) and do not make sense from the geochronological point of view. In terms of geology, the most significant result of the study is an age estimation of 128.8 ± 4.4 Ma, obtained for the sulfide mineralization of Mayskoe deposit using Re-Os isotope dating of single fractions of pyrite and antimonite of the ore mineralization stage. While arsenopyrite is most closely associated with gold mineralization, one of the arsenopyrite varieties corrodes framboidal pyrite of the pre-ore stage, has a maximum of the crust component in the osmium isotopic composition and forms a mixing line in the isochron diagram with an apparent formation age of 458 ± 18 Ma. The initial osmium isotopic composition of the studied sulfides indicates a mixed mantle-crust source of sulfide mineralization. The issue of simultaneous ore genesis and granitoid magmatism in the Mayskoe deposit remained unresolved (the age of granitoids according to the U-Pb zircon system is 108 Ma). However, a possible solution could be the further determination of the Re-Os isochron age of the ore mineralization sulphides from the single paragenesis of a specific sample containing both arsenopyrite and pyrite (+ antimonite) with gold.
-
Date submitted2019-07-29
-
Date accepted2020-01-10
-
Date published2020-04-26
Petrographic structures and Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium
- Authors:
- Yury L. VOYTEKHOVSKY
- Alena A. ZAKHAROVA
The article is devoted to the most narrative side of modern petrography – the definition, classification and nomenclature of petrographic structures. We suggest a mathematical formalism using the theory of quadratic forms (with a promising extension to algebraic forms of the third and fourth orders) and statistics of binary (ternary and quaternary, respectively) intergranular contacts in a polymineralic rock. It allows constructing a complete classification of petrographic structures with boundaries corresponding to Hardy – Weinberg equilibria. The algebraic expression of the petrographic structure is the canonical diagonal form of the symmetric probability matrix of binary intergranular contacts in the rock. Each petrographic structure is uniquely associated with a structural indicatrix – the central quadratic surface in n-dimensional space, where n is the number of minerals composing the rock. Structural indicatrix is an analogue of the conoscopic figure used for optical recognition of minerals. We show that the continuity of changes in the organization of rocks (i.e., the probabilities of various intergranular contacts) does not contradict a dramatic change in the structure of the rocks, neighboring within the classification. This solved the problem, which seemed insoluble to A.Harker and E.S.Fedorov. The technique was used to describe the granite structures of the Salminsky pluton (Karelia) and the Akzhailau massif (Kazakhstan) and is potentially applicable for the monotonous strata differentiation, section correlation, or wherever an unambiguous, reproducible determination of petrographic structures is needed. An important promising task of the method is to extract rocks' genetic information from the obtained data.
-
Date submitted2019-09-04
-
Date accepted2019-12-25
-
Date published2020-04-26
Composition of spherules and lower mantle minerals, isotopic and geochemical characteristics of zircon from volcaniclastic facies of the Mriya lamproite pipe
The article presents the results of studying the rocks of the pyroclastic facies of the Mriya lamproite pipe, located on the Priazovsky block of the Ukrainian shield. In them the rock's mineral composition includes a complex of exotic mineral particles formed under extreme reduction mantle conditions: silicate spherules, particles of native metals and intermetallic alloys, oxygen-free minerals such as diamond, qusongite (WC), and osbornite (TiN). The aim of the research is to establish the genesis of volcaniclastic rocks and to develop ideas of the highly deoxidized mantle mineral association (HRMMA), as well as to conduct an isotopic and geochemical study of zircon. As a result, groups of minerals from different sources are identified in the heavy fraction: HRMMA can be attributed to the juvenile magmatic component of volcaniclastic rocks; a group of minerals and xenoliths that can be interpreted as xenogenic random material associated with mantle nodules destruction (hornblendite, olivinite and dunite xenoliths), intrusive lamproites (tremolite-hornblende) and crystalline basement rocks (zircon, hornblende, epidote, and granitic xenoliths). The studied volcaniclastic rocks can be defined as intrusive pyroclastic facies (tuffisites) formed after the lamproites intrusion. Obviously, the HRMMA components formed under extreme reducing conditions at high temperatures, which are characteristic of the transition core-mantle zone. Thus, we believe that the formation of primary metal-silicate HRMMA melts is associated with the transition zone D".
-
Date submitted2019-10-17
-
Date accepted2020-01-24
-
Date published2020-04-26
Composition and probable ore igneous rocks source of columbite from alluvial deposits of Mayoko district (Republic of the Congo)
The article presents the results of optical, electron microscopic and electron microprobe studies of columbite group minerals, collected during heavy mineral concentrate sampling of alluvial deposits in the Mayoko region (Republic of the Congo). The aim of the study is revealing tantalum niobates ore body in this region. We found that these minerals in loose deposits are represented by two grain-size groups: less than 1.6 mm (fine fraction) and 1.6-15 mm (coarse fraction). The grains of both fractions belong mainly to columbite-(Fe), less often to columbite-(Mn), tantalite-(Mn) and tantalite-(Fe), contain impurities of Sc, Ti, and W. The crystals have micro-scaled zoning (zones varies slightly in the Ta/Nb ratio values) and contains a lot of mineral inclusions and veins represented by zircon, pyrochlore supergroup minerals and others. Columbite-(Fe) and columbite-(Mn) are characterized by an increased content of Ta 2 O 5 up to the transition to tantalite-(Fe) and tantalite-(Mn). This allows us to exclude the formation of subalkaline rare-metal granites, their metasomatites (albitites and greisenes) and carbonatites, from the list of possible columbite ore rocks source in the Mayoko district. Thus, beryl type and complex spodumene subtype rare-element pegmatites of the mixed petrogenetic family LCT-NYF (according to P.Černý) should be considered as a probable root source. The results of the research should be taken into account when developing the methodology for prospecting in this area.
-
Date submitted2019-10-30
-
Date accepted2019-11-23
-
Date published2020-02-25
Methodology for determining the parameters of drilling mode for directional straight sections of well using screw downhole motors
- Authors:
- Vladimir S. Litvinenko
- M. V. Dvoinikov
Article presents results of study on possibility of increasing the efficiency of drilling directional straight sections of wells using screw downhole motors (SDM) with a combined method of drilling with rotation of drilling string (DS). Goal is to ensure steady-state operation of SDM with simultaneous rotation of DS by reducing the amplitude of oscillations with adjusting the parameters of drilling mode on the basis of mathematical modeling for SDM – DS system. Results of experimental study on determination of extrema distribution of lateral and axial oscillations of SDM frame depending on geometrical parameters of gerotor mechanism and modes ensuring stable operation are presented. Approaches to development of a mathematical model and methodology are conceptually outlined that allow determining the range of self-oscillations for SDM – DS system and boundaries of rotational and translational wave perturbations for a heterogeneous rod with an installed SDM at drilling directional straight sections of well. This mathematical model of SDM – DS system's dynamics makes it possible to predict optimal parameters of directional drilling mode that ensure stable operation of borehole assembly.
-
Date submitted2019-05-02
-
Date accepted2019-07-25
-
Date published2019-10-27
Composition Heterogeneity of Xenoliths of Mantle Peridotites from Alkaline Basalts of the Sverre Volcano, the Svalbard Archipelago
- Authors:
- S. G. Skublov
- D. S. Ashikhmin
The article presents the results of a study of the composition of xenoliths of mantle peridotites (seven samples), collected from the Quaternary basalts of the Sverre volcano, the Svalbard archipelago. The presence of two big (more than 15 cm in diameter) xenoliths of spinel lherzolite allowed us to consider a change in their composition in the cen- tral, intermediate, and marginal parts of the samples. It is proposed to distinguish three types of xenoliths by the distribution of trace and rare earth elements. Enrich- ment of mantle peridotites with light rare earth elements, as well as high field strength (HFS) and large-ion lithophile (LIL) elements, is presumably associated with mantle metasomatism.
-
Date submitted2019-04-27
-
Date accepted2019-07-22
-
Date published2019-10-27
The Nature of the Elongated Form of Diamond Crystals From Urals Placers
The article presents the results of a study of the internal structure of highly elongated diamond crystals from placers in the Krasnovishersky district of the Urals. Very elongated crystals are found within diamond-bearing placer with unrevealed primary sources. Determining the conditions of such crystals formation can help one to determine the primary deposits type. There are three hypotheses for the formation of the elongated shape of such crystals: 1) crys- tals initially elongated along the <100> (strongly distorted octahedra); 2) individual crystals of columnar aggregates; 3) elongated crystals fragments. To study the internal structure, we selected three most elongated individuals of the 155 crystals samples. The study of the internal structure of selected crystals with the usage of photoluminescent (PL) tomography, cathodoluminescence (CL), and optical microscopy has shown that these samples are fragments of lar- ger single crystals. CL imaging allowed to determine slip lines within the crystal's volume. The recorded PL spectra show the 912, 946, and 986 nm peaks, which are characteristic of crystals with plastic deformation. The revealed fea- tures are indicators of plastic deformation accompanying the destruction of the crystals. The significant dissolution following the destruction of the crystals led to the rounding of the vertices and edges of their fragments. Apparently, most of the very elongated crystals from placers with unknown sources are also highly dissolved isometric crystal fragments. The obtained results have shown that the deformation and dissolution of diamond crystals are related events characteristic of diamonds from hitherto undetected, but highly productive primary deposits.
-
Date submitted2018-11-10
-
Date accepted2019-01-17
-
Date published2019-04-25
AMT SOUNDINGS IN THE DEAD BAND WITHIN THE CHUKOTKA REGION (RUSSIAN FAR EAST)
The article analyzes the amplitude spectra of audio magnetotelluric sounding (AMTs) data. Particular attention is focused on the frequency range from 1 to 5 kHz, which is called dead band. We analyzed the data of base stations used in the fieldwork during the summer and autumn seasons in 2013, 2014, and 2017. The area of work is located in the Chukotka Autonomous Area beyond the Arctic Circle. Previous researchers noted that a reliable signal in the dead band can only be obtained at nighttime. The authors of the article found that in Chukotka region in the daytime against the minimum signal within the dead band there is a local maximum at a frequency of 2.4 kHz. When registering a field for more than 3 hours during daytime, in most cases, it is possible to restore the frequencies of 2.2 and 2.6 kHz. These frequencies are reliable benchmarks, allowing in some cases to restore the AMT curve using the correlation between amplitude and phase. We have proposed ways to improve data quality in the dead band when measured during the daytime.
-
Date submitted2018-11-20
-
Date accepted2018-12-28
-
Date published2019-04-25
REFINED ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION WITH A PRIORI DATA OPTIMISATION
- Authors:
- I. B. Movchan
- A. A. Yakovleva
The work is devoted to the issues of seismic microzonation representativeness, which is amongst the mandatory assessments that precedes civil and industrial construction. In addition to the practical approach and in accordance with the normative documentation, the authors propose parametric interpretation of the remote basis by means of tracing geodynamic zones and elements of the geoblock structure, where the leading marker of seismogenic risk zones is the anomaly of spatial variability of the geofield, coinciding with the discordant intersection of localised land structures. Verification of this marker is achieved by displaying a cartographic distribution image within the range of the seismic point increment, detailed on the basis of approximation dependencies.
-
Date submitted2018-11-23
-
Date accepted2019-01-03
-
Date published2019-04-25
STRUCTURAL MODEL AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE FAULT SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE KHUR AREA, CENTRAL IRAN
- Authors:
- A. Sohrabi
- A. Nadimi
- I. V. Talovina
- H. Safaei
In the southern part of the Khur area, there is faults system with predominantly North-West strike. This network of tectonic disturbances is one of the most important fault systems in Central Iran which crosses Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, Cretaceous limestones, and Eocene volcanic rocks. Interpretation of satellite imagery ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus, Landsat) and field observations showed the presence of left-lateral shifts along with fault system. This formed the structure of the branch faults at the northeast end of the main fault. Another feature associated with shear dislocations is the rotation of blocks in the northeastern and southwestern segments of the area under study. There are several basins and positive structures within the area such as a series of uplifts and thrusts, indicating the presence of compressional and extensional tectonics. Another part of the work is devoted to the study of the correlation between active faults and earthquakes. Processing of satellite images, field observations, records of micro-earthquakes within a radius of 17 km made it possible to analyze the earthquakes parameters and the position of tectonic disturbances, and, as a result, confirm the presence of active faults in the region. In addition, we have identified three successive stages of the Khur area tectonics: rifting, contraction, change of convergence and uplift direction.
-
Date submitted2018-08-30
-
Date accepted2018-11-06
-
Date published2019-02-25
TOURMALINE AS AN INDICATOR OF TIN OCCURRENCES ОF CASSITERITE-QUARTZ AND CASSITERITE-SILICATE FORMATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF THE VERKHNEURMIYSKY ORE CLUSTER, FAR EAST)
- Authors:
- V. I. Alekseev
- Yu. B. Marin
The research focused on the composition of tourmaline from tin ore deposits and ore occurrences within the Verkhneurmiysky ore cluster in the Amur region. The aim of the study is to determine the indicative signs of tourmaline from cassiterite-quartz and cassiterite-silicate formations. This research is based on the materials of a long-term study of the mineralogy of the Far East deposits, conducted at the Mining University under the scientific supervision of Professor Yu.B.Marin. The relevance of the study involves predicting of tin and associated mineralization. For the first time, SIMS and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to study tourmaline from this region. We identified the typomorphic characteristics of the tourmaline composition, which are proposed to be used as indicators of tin-ore deposits. Typomorphic characteristics of tourmaline from cassiterite-quartz formation: schorl (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.06) with a high content of Al and K; Fe 3+ /(Fe 3+ + Fe 2+ ) = 0.03; Z Fe 3+ = 1 %; impurities: Nb, LREE (La, Ce, Pr), Be, Bi, F, Li, and Mn; LREE content > 9 ppm; positive Gd anomaly. Typomorphic characteristics of tourmaline from cassiterite-silicate formation: schorl-dravite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.22) with a high Ca content; Fe 3+ / (Fe 3+ + Fe 2+ ) = 0.17; Z Fe 3+ = 9 %; impurities: Zr, Y, Cr, V, Sn, In, Pb, W, Mo, Ti, HREE, Eu, Sr, Sb, and Sc; the content of Y is > 2 ppm, of HREE is > 3 ppm, Eu is > 0.1 ppm. The formation conditions of the cassiterite-silicate ore mineralization were more oxidizing than those of the cassiterite-quartz one. Tourmaline, formed under oxidizing conditions, contains such impurities as Sn, In, Nb, Bi, Sc, and LREE. The content of Sn isomorphic impurity in tourmaline reaches 8000 ppm.
-
Date submitted2018-06-27
-
Date accepted2018-09-18
-
Date published2018-12-25
MIGRATION FORMS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF THE EASTERN DESERT (EL SELA AREA, EGYPT)
- Authors:
- M. M. Ghoneim
- E. G. Panova
In the Egypt's Eastern Desert intrusive rocks with U-REE mineralization (two-mica granites, microgranites, dolerites, and bostonites) are developed. We estimated the content of chemical elements in reference samples of intrusive rocks and also in their water-soluble (colloid-salt) fraction. This fraction is water-extracted from the rock under certain conditions. The rock sample and its colloid-salt fraction are analyzed using ICP-MS. The chemical characteristic of the extracted fraction reflects the mobile migrating part of the chemical elements in the composition of the rocks. Comparison of the obtained data allows us to estimate the share of migrating and weakly migrating elements.
-
Date submitted2018-07-04
-
Date accepted2018-09-17
-
Date published2018-12-25
SECONDARY DISPERSION HALOS AS A PROSPECTING INDICATOR OF PLATINUM METAL MINERALIZATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KAMENUSHINSKY MASSIF (MIDDLE URALS)
- Authors:
- A. M. Minibaev
The paper discusses the results of bulk rock geochemical sampling of the Kamenushinsky massif eluvial-deluvial deposits and the massifs bedrocks spectral analysis data. Evaluation of secondary dispersion halos using two-dimensional modeling and multivariate statistic processing of the results have allowed establishing the spatial collocation of platinum and chromium anomalies and high correlation between these elements. These facts confirm the considerable contribution of chromite-platinum mineralization to the primary ores of the entire Kamenushinsky massif. The geological observations and rocks chemical composition analysis has revealed that uranium and barium anomalies are associated with the areas of gabbro and granitoids dike bodies. The insignificant overlapping of uranium and barium anomalies with platinum and chromium ones, as well as the negative correlation between these two groups of elements, is inconsistent with earlier conclusions on the spatial association of platinum mineralization with gabbro and granitoids dikes and a possible connection between these dikes and platinum metal mineralization zones.
-
Date submitted2018-07-05
-
Date accepted2018-09-07
-
Date published2018-12-25
THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS ABOUT THE STRUCTURE AND OIL AND GAS POTENTIAL OF NEPA-BOTUOBA ANTECLISE AND ADJACENT PART OF PREDPATOMSKII TROUGH
- Authors:
- R. F. Sevostyanova
- V. S. Sitnikov
We considered various alternatives for tectonic zoning of the southwestern territories of The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Since 1975, the northern part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise has been considered the structure controlling the oil and gas bearing area of the same name. The Nepa-Botuoba oil and gas region is one of the unique territories of the ancient Siberian platform. Its hydrocarbon potential is only partially explored. Analysis of the evolution of ideas about the structure of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise shows that as new data about its deep structure appear, the reserves of oil and gas increase almost synchronously. Currently, almost the entire resource base of the republic’s oil and gas industry is concentrated here.
-
Date submitted2018-07-05
-
Date accepted2018-08-31
-
Date published2018-12-25
THE LAKE IL’MEN CLINT, RUSSIA: A POTENTIAL DEVONIAN GEOPARK
- Authors:
- John E.A. Marshall
- David J. Siveter
The Devonian rocks exposed on the shores of Lake Il’men, some 150 km SSE of Saint Petersburg, are important historically in the context of the recognition of the Devonian System. Moreover, they provide unique potential for a range of geological studies today. The non-geological heritage of the area – its flora, fauna, past and current industrial use and cultural links – is also a very worthy one. Since 2001 the area has been recognised asa Specially Protected Natural Territory. A ‘Geopark’ is a unified area of local or wider extent that has been so designated based on its significant geological and associated natural and cultural heritage. There are many positive criteria for considering that the Lake Il’men area could acquire the appellation of a Geopark. Scientific investigations dedicated to understanding the geodynamical conditions operating at Lake Il’men would resolve how to best to help promote the future preservation of this unique natural area.
-
Date submitted2018-05-22
-
Date accepted2018-07-04
-
Date published2018-10-25
MULTIVARIANCE OF THE VELOCITY MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL PLOTTING BASED ON SEISMIC AND BOREHOLE DATA
- Authors:
- A. P. Sysoev
The paper discusses the peculiarities of structural modelling (forecast of the depths of the reflecting horizons) based on the seismic and drilling data system. Seismic data are represented by vertical time values and the stacking velocity of borehole data that are the depth marks of the reflecting horizons. Vertical time and the depth of the reflecting horizons are bound by the equation of average velocity but the average velocity is not determined in a seismic experiment, therefore an issue of choosing a velocity model of a complex natural object arises. The task of structural modelling is solved by the selection of formal expressions containing correlations between the parameters of the underlying model and kinematic parameters of the wave field. The optimal decision on model selection is determined by the minimum discrepancy between the predicted and actual values of the depth of the sample boreholes. A practical example shows possible variants of the interpretation model. An inverse kinematic problem on converting the vertical time of the reflected waves at the depth of horizons is solved in each production report on the results of seismic work and is probably the most common objective of seismic exploration. Considering the variety of research objects and the apparent obviousness of the solution, this topic is underrepresented in scientific literature.
-
Date submitted2018-05-09
-
Date accepted2018-06-30
-
Date published2018-10-25
SCIENTIFIC AND METHODICAL APPROACHES TO INCREASE PROSPECTING EFFICIENCY OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC SHELF STATE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
- Authors:
- A. S. Egorov
- I. Yu. Vinokurov
- A. N. Telegin
A rationale for the set of theoretical and methodological techniques of mapping and deep modeling in the Russian Arctic shelf and adjacent sedimentary basins in continental Russia is based on the materials for the Barents and Kara Seas region. This article provides the factual basis of the research and shows how to apply zonal-block model of the crust and generalized models of geodynamic settings in terms of the different geophysical data inconsistency. The necessity and approach for global and regional paleo-reconstructions are also discussed. It is shown that localization of the principal structural and compositional units of the lithosphere being a consequence of geodynamic processes at the boundaries of lithospheric plates, form at the basis of sedimentary cover and crystalline basement layered maps as well as cross-sections of the continental crust. The identified parameters of the deep structure and milestones of the regional tectonic history open new opportunities to explore the regularities of ore deposits distribution. The shown example of the forecast and metallogeny problems solution within Western Siberia and Khatanga-Vilyui petroleum provinces is made using the parameters of known industrial oil and gas fields for training the pattern recognition system.
-
Date submitted2018-03-22
-
Date accepted2018-05-23
-
Date published2018-08-26
RARE METALS IN MINERALS OF STANNIFEROUS METASOMATITES FROM THE VERKHNEURMIYSKY ORE CLUSTER (FAR EAST, RUSSIA)
- Authors:
- V. I. Alekseev
This article is dedicated to the rare metal mineralization of stanniferous metasomatites of the Verkhneurmiysky ore cluster in the Far East of Russia. The mineral composition of metasomatites, formed during the five stages of the zwitter-tourmalineite stanniferous complex formation was studied. These stages were characterized as biotite-sericite, muscovite-quartz, siderophyllite-topaz, quartz-tourmaline, and chlorite-sericite. Rare metal-bearing minerals were selected and the concentrations of rare metals were estimated. The ore and geochemical types of the studied metasomatites were determined. There was shown the presence of many rare metal-bearing minerals in the composition of stanniferous metasomatites in this region. The set of the rare metals (Nb, Ta, W, Y, REE (from La to Lu), Be, Li, Zr, Hf, In, Sc, Se, and Cd) is of strategic importance for the development of the Russia mineral resources base. Minerals concentrating rare metals were divided into two types: minerals, containing rare metals due to its stoichiometry and minerals (if vein and ore origin) with isomorphic impurities of rare metals. There was traced the sequence of rare metal-bearing minerals formation and the evolution of their composition. Minerals of rare metals were formed throughout the history of the zwitter-tourmalineite formation, starting from the pre-ore stage of biotite feldspatholites to the post-ore of chloritites stage, including the zwitter ore stage. It was also shown a stepwise decrease in the intensity rare metal-bearing minerals formation and the evolution of the mineralization composition from lithophilic rare metals to chalcophylic ones: (LREE, Zr, Hf) → (W, Nb, Ta, Y, HREE, Sc) → (Sn, In, Cd, Se). Magmatic, metasomatic and crystal chemical factors affecting the rare metal-bearing minerals formation in the Verkhneurmiysky ore cluster have been revealed. The ore cluster's prospects are related to the presence of lithium- fluoric granites of the Pravourmiyskiy complex, controlling the tungsten-stanniferous zwitter and tourmalinite with associated rare metal mineralization.
-
Date submitted2018-03-12
-
Date accepted2018-05-05
-
Date published2018-08-26
THE FIRST DATA ON THE U-PB AGE (TIMS AND LA-ICP-MS) OF RUTILE FROM THE ICHETJU POLYMINERAL OCCURRENCE, THE MIDDLE TIMAN
A study on the U-Pb age of rutile from the Ichetju polymineral occurrence has been done for the first time by LA-ICP-MS and TIMS methods. It was established that rutile originates from various sources with different ages (presumably, ca. 1000, 1660, 1860 and 1980 Ma), but all the rutile types have undergone a common thermal event at ca . 580 Ma. Obtained results are consistent with U-Pb zircon data for the Ichetju occurrence and the Pizhemskoe deposit. According to modern concepts, the closure temperature for the U-Pb system in rutile is higher than 500 ° С, which suggests fairly high-temperature conditions of the rutile hydrothermal transformation during the formation of the deposits in Riphean. Obviously, a placer hypothesis of formation of titanium deposits of the Middle Timan which is supported by a number of researchers does not explain such temperature of rutile alteration.
-
Date submitted2018-03-27
-
Date accepted2018-05-25
-
Date published2018-08-26
MUSEUMS OF SAINT-PETERSBURG MINING UNIVERSITY (RUSSIA) AND FREIBERG MINING ACADEMY (GERMANY) AS THE BASIS OF SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL TOURISM CLUSTER
University museums are a group of educational museums of various specializations that are created to support the educational process, serve as a scientific research base for the academic teaching staff and students, and contribute to the knowledge development, transfer, and popularization. The foundation of the scientific and educational tourism cluster on the basis of the two world oldest mining museums and universities will make it possible to create a modern multifunctional structure with a high degree of interdisciplinarity. New forms of cluster interaction will include elements of various industries and fields of knowledge and guarantee not only economic benefits, but also fulfil an important role in the social relations development. The present stage of cluster development is focused on the creation of multifunctional structures characterized by the high interdisciplinary specialization. Special attention should be paid to a combination of the above-listed spheres, for example, the creation of a scientific and educational tourism cluster based on university museums.