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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">MMVLYQ</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-16922</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16922</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Insights into field surveying and automated processing of digital outcrop models for fracture analysis</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Особенности полевой съемки и автоматизированной обработки цифровых моделей обнажений горных пород при анализе трещиноватости</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Lunina</surname>
            <given-names>Oksana V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Лунина</surname>
              <given-names>О. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Lunina</surname>
              <given-names>Oksana V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>lounina@crust.irk.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7743-8877</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт земной коры СО РАН (Иркутск, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS (Irkutsk, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Nizovtsev</surname>
            <given-names>Aleksei S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Низовцев</surname>
              <given-names>А. С.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Nizovtsev</surname>
              <given-names>Aleksei S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>alekseinizovtsev2911@gmail.com</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1047-0846</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт земной коры СО РАН (Иркутск, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS (Irkutsk, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-10">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>280</volume>
      <fpage>163</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-25">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-09-10">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 О. В. Лунина, А. С. Низовцев</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Oksana V. Lunina, Aleksei S. Nizovtsev</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">О. В. Лунина, А. С. Низовцев</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oksana V. Lunina, Aleksei S. Nizovtsev</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16922">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16922</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>При автоматизированном извлечении элементов залегания трещин из плотного облака точек существуют проблемы, осложняющие корректную характеристику выхода, нарушенного определенными системами разрывов. В связи с этим проведены опытно-методические работы по анализу трещин и их систем, выделенных автоматизированным способом, для поиска удовлетворительных условий сбора и обработки данных. Первичные материалы с помощью БПЛА DJI Phantom 4 RTK были собраны в зонах Приморского и Северобайкальского глубинных разломов Байкальского рифта. Плотные облака точек получены с помощью фотограмметрического метода. Показано, что однонаправленный ракурс съемки и обнаженность одной стенки выхода горных пород является проблемой для определения систем трещин, но выбор фрагмента цифровой модели обнажений (ЦМО), развернутого к разным сторонам света, позволяет избежать однополярности на диаграмме трещиноватости и обеспечивает получение высокоточных сведений о строении разрывной сети. Правильно подобранный для расчета фрагмент обнажения отражает его системность, экономит время и ресурсы компьютера. При изменении структурной обстановки ЦМО позволяет провести анализ разрывной сети на любом участке выхода, что увеличивает качество и производительность работ. В условиях ограниченного вычислительного потенциала для выделения трещин и их систем достаточно использовать плотное облако точек среднего качества. Правильное применение автоматизированного извлечения элементов залегания трещин и их систем кратно увеличивает эффективность изучения деформационных характеристик горных пород в сфере инженерного воздействия и разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>When automatically extracting fracture attitudes from a dense point cloud, there are challenges that complicate the correct characterization of the outcrop disrupted by certain fracture sets. In this regard, experimental and methodological studies were carried out to analyze fractures and their associated sets, which were extracted using an automated method to identify satisfactory conditions for data collection and processing. Primary data were acquired using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK unmanned aerial vehicle in the Primorsky and North Baikal deep fault zones of the Baikal rift. Structure from Motion photogrammetry was used to create dense point clouds. The obtained results show that the unidirectional camera orientation and the exposure of a single wall of the rock outcrop present a challenge for determining fracture sets. However, selecting a fragment of the digital outcrop model (DOM) facing various cardinal directions helps avoid orientation bias in the stereographic projections of poles to fractures and provides high-precision data on the fracture pattern. A well-chosen fragment of the DOM accurately represents fracture sets of the overall outcrop, saving time and computational resources. When the structural environment changes, the DOM allows for an analysis of the fracture pattern at any outcrop section, thereby improving the quality and productivity of the work. In the case of limited processing power, it is sufficient to use a dense point cloud of medium quality to extract fractures and their sets. The correct automated identification of fracture sets enhances the efficiency of rock deformation analysis in the field of engineering geology and mineral resource development.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>трещиноватость</kwd>
        <kwd>элементы залегания</kwd>
        <kwd>системы</kwd>
        <kwd>цифровая модель обнажения</kwd>
        <kwd>беспилотная аэрофотосъемка</kwd>
        <kwd>программное обеспечение</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>fractures</kwd>
        <kwd>dip and strike</kwd>
        <kwd>sets</kwd>
        <kwd>digital outcrop model</kwd>
        <kwd>unmanned aerial photography</kwd>
        <kwd>software</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-27-00565, https://rscf.ru/project/25-27-00565.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was funded by Russian Science Foundation grant 25-27-00565, https://rscf.ru/project/25-27-00565.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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