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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">NIULGR</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-16738</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16738</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геотехнология и инженерная геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the influence of viscoelastic properties of a synthetic hydraulic fracturing fluid on proppant transport capacity</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Анализ влияния вязкоупругих свойств синтетической жидкости гидроразрыва пласта на пескоудерживающую способность</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Imangulov</surname>
            <given-names>Dinis V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Имангулов</surname>
              <given-names>Д. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Imangulov</surname>
              <given-names>Dinis V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>dinis.imangulov@gmail.com</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8984-7974</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет (Уфа, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (Ufa, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Ponomarev</surname>
            <given-names>Aleksandr I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Пономарев</surname>
              <given-names>А. И.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Ponomarev</surname>
              <given-names>Aleksandr I.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>kafedrargkm@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0483-7732</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет (Уфа, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (Ufa, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Kashapov</surname>
            <given-names>Denis V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кашапов</surname>
              <given-names>Д. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kashapov</surname>
              <given-names>Denis V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>kashapovd@frac-gradient.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6467-0191</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет (Уфа, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (Ufa, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-18">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>279</volume>
      <fpage>70</fpage>
      <lpage>81</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-06">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-05-30">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 Д. В. Имангулов, А. И. Пономарев, Д. В. Кашапов</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Dinis V. Imangulov, Aleksandr I. Ponomarev, Denis V. Kashapov</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Д. В. Имангулов, А. И. Пономарев, Д. В. Кашапов</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dinis V. Imangulov, Aleksandr I. Ponomarev, Denis V. Kashapov</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16738">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16738</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Одна из актуальных научных проблем в области интенсификации добычи углеводородов из залежей с трудноизвлекаемыми запасами методом гидравлического разрыва пласта – недостаточная изученность влияния упругих свойств жидкости гидроразрыва пласта (ГРП) на эффективность удержания пропанта при инициировании трещин в призабойной зоне скважины. Ранние отечественные и зарубежные исследования пескоудерживающих свойств утверждают, что ключевую роль в удержании пропанта играет вязкость жидкости, однако последние данные показывают значительное влияние упругих свойств полимерных систем, особенно при применении низковязких синтетических жидкостей ГРП на основе полиакриламида (ПАА). Цель настоящего исследования заключается в фундаментальном обосновании влияния вязкоупругих свойств жидкостей ГРП на эффективность удержания пропанта. Статья содержит методологию и результаты лабораторных исследований по оценке вязкоупругих и пескоудерживающих свойств жидкостей ГРП на основе ПАА и гуарового полимера. Исследования показывают, что жидкости ГРП на основе ПАА с низкой эффективной вязкостью системы обладают более выраженными упругими свойствами в сравнении с линейными гуаровыми гелями: время релаксации и первая разность нормальных напряжений для синтетической жидкости ГРП, соответственно, в 1,99 и 4 раза превышают аналогичные показатели для линейного геля. Результаты исследований подтвердили, что скорость оседания пропанта в жидкости ГРП на основе ПАА в статических условиях оказалась в 28 раз ниже, чем в линейном гуаровом геле при эквивалентной концентрации активного вещества. Упругие свойства жидкости ГРП оказывают весомое влияние на пескоудерживающую способность, что обосновывает перспективность применения низковязких синтетических жидкостей ГРП на основе ПАА для интенсификации добычи углеводородов из коллекторов с проницаемостью ниже 1 мД.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>One of the pressing scientific challenges in the field of hydrocarbon production enhancement from hard-to-recover reserves using hydraulic fracturing is the insufficient understanding of how the elastic properties of hydraulic fracturing fluids affect proppant retention efficiency during fracture initiation in the near-wellbore zone. Earlier domestic and foreign studies on proppant transport capacity assert that fluid viscosity plays a key role in proppant retention; however, recent data indicate a significant influence of the elastic properties of polymer systems, particularly when using low-viscosity synthetic hydraulic fracturing fluids based on polyacrylamide (PAM). This study aims to provide a fundamental substantiation of the effect of viscoelastic properties of hydraulic fracturing fluids on proppant transport efficiency. The article presents the methodology and results of laboratory tests evaluating the viscoelastic and proppant transport properties of PAM-based and guar polymer-based hydraulic fracturing fluids. The findings demonstrate that PAM-based hydraulic fracturing fluids, despite their low effective system viscosity, exhibit more pronounced elastic properties compared to linear guar gels: the relaxation time and the first normal stress difference for the synthetic hydraulic fracturing fluid are 1.99 and 4 times greater than the corresponding values for the linear guar gel. The test results confirmed that the proppant settling rate in the PAM-based hydraulic fracturing fluid under static conditions was 28 times lower than that in the linear guar gel at equivalent active substance concentrations. The elastic properties of hydraulic fracturing fluids have a substantial effect on proppant transport capacity, supporting the potential of using low-viscosity synthetic PAM-based hydraulic fracturing fluids to enhance hydrocarbon production from reservoirs with permeability less than 1 mD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>вязкоупругие свойства</kwd>
        <kwd>жидкость ГРП</kwd>
        <kwd>полиакриламид</kwd>
        <kwd>пескоудерживающая способность</kwd>
        <kwd>время релаксации</kwd>
        <kwd>первая разность нормальных напряжений</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>rheology</kwd>
        <kwd>viscoelastic properties</kwd>
        <kwd>hydraulic fracturing fluid</kwd>
        <kwd>polyacrylamide</kwd>
        <kwd>proppant transport capacity</kwd>
        <kwd>relaxation time</kwd>
        <kwd>first normal stress difference</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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