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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">GYPJWX</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-16720</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16720</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геотехнология и инженерная геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Interpretable machine learning to detect well integrity issues</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Интерпретируемое машинное обучение для определения негерметичности скважин</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Ishkulov</surname>
            <given-names>Ildar M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Ишкулов</surname>
              <given-names>И. М.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Ishkulov</surname>
              <given-names>Ildar M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>ishkulovim@tatneft.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2598-0782</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт «ТатНИПИнефть» ПАО «Татнефть» имени В.Д.Шашина (Альметьевск, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Tatar Oil Research and Design Institute (TatNIPIneft) of PJSC TATNEFT (Almetyevsk, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Fattakhov</surname>
            <given-names>Irik G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Фаттахов</surname>
              <given-names>И. Г.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Fattakhov</surname>
              <given-names>Irik G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>i-fattakhov@rambler.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3086-4323</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт «ТатНИПИнефть» ПАО «Татнефть» имени В.Д.Шашина (Альметьевск, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Tatar Oil Research and Design Institute (TatNIPIneft) of PJSC TATNEFT (Almetyevsk, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-17">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>275</volume>
      <fpage>94</fpage>
      <lpage>109</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-08">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-18">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2025 И. М. Ишкулов, И. Г. Фаттахов</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2025 Ildar M. Ishkulov, Irik G. Fattakhov</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">И. М. Ишкулов, И. Г. Фаттахов</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ildar M. Ishkulov, Irik G. Fattakhov</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16720">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16720</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Вопрос своевременной и точной оценки технического состояния скважин становится все более актуальным в условиях разработки месторождений на поздней стадии, высокой обводненности продукции и увеличения доли стареющего фонда скважин. Для диагностики эксплуатационной колонны традиционно применяются геофизические методы, позволяющие выявить наличие повреждений и определить их интервал, но значительная загрузка специалистов на месторождениях препятствует оперативной отправке геофизических партий для проверки состояния скважин. Это приводит к потере добычи нефти, росту обводненности, негативному воздействию на окружающую среду, увеличению объемов непродуктивной закачки и снижению ключевых экономических показателей. Для решения этих проблем предложен новый подход к оценке технического состояния колонн, основанный на применении моделей машинного обучения. Представлены методика применения интерпретируемого машинного обучения для диагностики негерметичности эксплуатационных колонн скважины и сравнение данного подхода с методом статистического анализа ROC-AUC. Разработанный подход объединяет алгоритм машинного обучения LightGBM и методы SHAP-анализа, что позволяет оценивать вклад ключевых факторов в прогнозирование состояния скважины и определять их граничные значения. Для обучения модели использованы данные 14318 скважинных исследований, проведенных с 2000 по 2022 гг. Результаты показывают, что наиболее значимыми признаками являются содержание сульфатов, коэффициент перенасыщения раствора и обводненность продукции. Исследование подтверждает эффективность методов интерпретируемого машинного обучения в задачах диагностики сложных технических объектов. Полученные результаты демонстрируют потенциал внедрения таких моделей в практику мониторинга состояния скважин и планирования ремонтных работ. Предложенный подход также может быть адаптирован для других задач нефтегазовой отрасли, включая прогнозирование осложнений и оптимизацию работы скважин.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The problem of timely and accurate evaluation of well integrity is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of mature field development, high wellstream water cut, and a growing number of old wells. For production casing diagnostics, geophysical methods are typically used to identify damage and determine its interval. However, high workload of field personnel hinders prompt deployment of wireline crews to survey the integrity of wells. This results in lost oil production, increased water cut, environmental risks, increased non-productive injected volumes, and reduced key economic indices. To address these challenges, a novel approach to evaluation of casing string integrity based on machine learning models has been proposed. The paper presents a procedure for application of interpretable machine learning to detect production casing leakage and provides a comparison of this approach with the ROC-AUC statistical analysis method. The novel approach integrates the LightGBM machine learning algorithm and SHAP analysis to evaluate contribution of key features to well integrity prediction and determine their threshold values. The model training was based on data from 14,318 well surveys conducted between 2000 and 2022. The results indicate that the most important features are sulfate content, solution supersaturation ratio, and water cut. The study confirms the efficiency of interpretable machine learning methods for diagnosing complex technical systems. These results show the potential for application of such models in well integrity monitoring and well workover planning. This approach can also be used in other oil and gas applications, such as prediction of various problems and optimization of well operation conditions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>машинное обучение</kwd>
        <kwd>негерметичность колонны</kwd>
        <kwd>анализ данных</kwd>
        <kwd>интерпретация</kwd>
        <kwd>исследования</kwd>
        <kwd>добыча нефти</kwd>
        <kwd>разработка нефтяных месторождений</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>casing leakage</kwd>
        <kwd>data analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>interpretation</kwd>
        <kwd>surveys</kwd>
        <kwd>oil production</kwd>
        <kwd>oil field development</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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