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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">IWCYUF</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-16707</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16707</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects of synthetic hydrocarbons in immature Cenozoic onshore shale-bearing strata of Eastern Azerbaijan: geological and geochemical assessment</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Перспективы синтетических углеводородов в незрелых кайнозойских сланценосных толщах суши Восточного Азербайджана: геолого-геохимическая оценка</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Abbasov</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Аббасов</surname>
              <given-names>О. Р.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Abbasov</surname>
              <given-names>Orhan R.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2135-7984</contrib-id>
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        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт геологии и геофизики Министерства науки и образования Азербайджанской Республики (Баку, Азербайджан)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Azerbaijan)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Mardashov</surname>
            <given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мардашов</surname>
              <given-names>Д. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Mardashov</surname>
              <given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>Mardashov_DV@pers.spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6193-9490</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины II (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine ΙΙ Saint Petersburg Mining University (Saint Petersburg, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Gasimov</surname>
            <given-names>Emil E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Гасымов</surname>
              <given-names>Э. Э.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Gasimov</surname>
              <given-names>Emil E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>azayli.emil@gmail.com</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3361-2452</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ЗАО «АзерГолд» (Баку, Азербайджан)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">AzerGold CJSC (Baku, Azerbaijan)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Guliyev</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Гулиев</surname>
              <given-names>И. С.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Guliyev</surname>
              <given-names>Ibrahim S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9894-6835</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff4">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальная академия наук Азербайджана (Баку, Азербайджан)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Baku, Azerbaijan)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Aliyarov</surname>
            <given-names>Rauf Yu.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Алияров</surname>
              <given-names>Р. Ю.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Aliyarov</surname>
              <given-names>Rauf Yu.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7707-2091</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff5">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности (Баку, Азербайджан)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (Baku, Azerbaijan)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Yolchuyeva</surname>
            <given-names>Ulviyya J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Йолчуева</surname>
              <given-names>У. Дж.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Yolchuyeva</surname>
              <given-names>Ulviyya J.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4419-1016</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff6">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт нефтехимических процессов им. академика Ю.Г.Мамедалиева Министерства науки и образования Азербайджанской Республики (Баку, Азербайджан)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Y.H.Mamedaliyev Institute of Petrochemical Processes of the Ministry of Scienceand Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, (Baku, Azerbaijan)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Baloglanov</surname>
            <given-names>Elnur E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Балогланов</surname>
              <given-names>Э. Э.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Baloglanov</surname>
              <given-names>Elnur E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-3620-0052</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff7">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт геологии и геофизики Министерства науки и образования Азербайджанской Республики (Баку, Азербайджан)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Azerbaijan)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Akhundov</surname>
            <given-names>Ruslan V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Ахундов</surname>
              <given-names>Р. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Akhundov</surname>
              <given-names>Ruslan V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-3620-0052</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff8">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт геологии и геофизики Министерства науки и образования Азербайджанской Республики (Баку, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-25">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>279</volume>
      <fpage>112</fpage>
      <lpage>131</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-26">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-05-30">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 О. Р. Аббасов, Д. В. Мардашов, Э. Э. Гасымов, И. С. Гулиев, Р. Ю. Алияров, У. Дж. Йолчуева, Э. Э. Балогланов, Р. В. Ахундов</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Orhan R. Abbasov, Dmitrii V. Mardashov, Emil E. Gasimov, Ibrahim S. Guliyev, Rauf Yu. Aliyarov, Ulviyya J. Yolchuyeva, Elnur E. Baloglanov, Ruslan V. Akhundov</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">О. Р. Аббасов, Д. В. Мардашов, Э. Э. Гасымов, И. С. Гулиев, Р. Ю. Алияров, У. Дж. Йолчуева, Э. Э. Балогланов, Р. В. Ахундов</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Orhan R. Abbasov, Dmitrii V. Mardashov, Emil E. Gasimov, Ibrahim S. Guliyev, Rauf Yu. Aliyarov, Ulviyya J. Yolchuyeva, Elnur E. Baloglanov, Ruslan V. Akhundov</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16707">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16707</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Формирование основной базы ресурсов углеводородов Восточного Азербайджана связано преимущественно с глубокопогруженными очагами в интервале среднего эоцена – верхнего миоцена акватории Южно-Каспийского бассейна. Аналоги этих отложений широко распространены в пределах приподнятых структурных зон суши, где они выходят на поверхность или залегают на относительно малых глубинах. Геохимическое изучение образцов обнажений и обломков пород из выбросов грязевых вулканов позволило установить, что горючие сланцы среднего эоцена (среднекоунская свита) и среднего-верхнего миоцена (диатомовая свита) характеризуются исключительно высоким содержанием органического углерода. Отложения майкопской серии, традиционно считавшиеся основными нефтематеринскими породами региона, существенно уступают указанным толщам по степени обогащенности органическим веществом. Пиролиз Rock-Eval, термогравиметрический анализ и кинетическое моделирование подтверждают, что кероген эоценовых и диатомовых сланцев относится к нефтегенерирующему II типу с низкой энергией активации и характеризуется активной стадийной деструкцией. Майкопские сланцы являются материнскими породами с преобладанием керогена III типа, деструкция которого требует высоких энергий активации и обладает газогенерирующим потенциалом. Минеральный состав образцов, характеризующийся слабой степенью иллитизации, и данные ИК-Фурье спектроскопии, указывающие на присутствие длинноцепочечных алифатических соединений, свидетельствуют о низкой термической зрелости керогена, что подтверждают результаты петрографического анализа. Микроскопические исследования и данные пиролиза позволяют предположить, что сланцевая нефть может удерживаться в матрице керогена в адсорбированном или набухшем состоянии. Интеграция геолого-геохимических параметров, определяющих залегание незрелых высокоуглеродистых толщ эффективной мощностью до 40 м на глубинах до 4 км, подтверждает высокий потенциал их термической конверсии для получения синтетических углеводородов. Результаты исследования формируют научную базу для будущих проектов по освоению нетрадиционных углеводородов в сланцевых толщах.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The formation of the principal hydrocarbon resource base of Eastern Azerbaijan is predominantly associated with deeply buried source kitchens within the Middle Eocene to Upper Miocene succession of the South Caspian Basin offshore area. Analogues of these deposits are widely distributed within uplifted onshore structural zones, where they crop out or occur at relatively shallow depths. Geochemical investigation of outcrop samples and rock fragments from mud volcano ejecta revealed that the Middle Eocene (Middle Koun Formation) and Middle-Upper Miocene (Diatom Formation) oil shales are characterized by exceptionally high organic carbon content. The Oligocene-Miocene Maikop Series, traditionally regarded as the principal source rocks of the region, are markedly inferior to these strata in terms of organic matter enrichment. Rock-Eval pyrolysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and kinetic modeling confirm that the Eocene and Diatom shales contain a Type II oil-generating kerogen characterized by low activation energy and active stepwise degradation. The Maikop shales are source rocks with a predominance of Type III kerogen, the degradation of which requires high activation energies and exhibits gas-generating potential. The mineral composition of the samples, characterized by a low degree of illitization, and FTIR spectroscopy data indicating the pronounced presence of long-chain aliphatic compounds, point to the low thermal maturity of the kerogen, which is corroborated by petrographic analysis results. Microscopic investigations and pyrolysis data suggest that shale oil may be retained within the kerogen matrix in an adsorbed or swollen state. The integration of geological and geochemical parameters that characterize the occurrence of immature, high-carbon strata with an effective thickness of up to 40 m at depths of up to 4 km confirms the high potential of their thermal conversion to synthetic hydrocarbons. The research results form a scientific basis for future projects on the development of unconventional hydrocarbons in oil shale strata.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>незрелая сланценосная толща</kwd>
        <kwd>минералогия</kwd>
        <kwd>органическая геохимия</kwd>
        <kwd>спектроскопические анализы</kwd>
        <kwd>кинетическое моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd>потенциал синтетических углеводородов</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>immature shale-bearing strata</kwd>
        <kwd>mineralogy</kwd>
        <kwd>organic geochemistry</kwd>
        <kwd>spectroscopic analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>kinetic modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>synthetic  hydrocarbon potential</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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