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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">LKDJIW</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-16592</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16592</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геотехнология и инженерная геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Optimisation of blast-induced rock fragmentation using hybrid artificial intelligence methods at Orapa Diamond Mine (Botswana)</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Оптимизация взрывного дробления горных пород  с использованием гибридных методов искусственного интеллекта  на алмазном руднике Орапа (Ботсвана)</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Saubi</surname>
            <given-names>Onalethata </given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сауби</surname>
              <given-names>Оналетата </given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Saubi</surname>
              <given-names>Onalethata </given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>so13000604@biust.ac.bw</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7724-6170</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Ботсванский международный университет науки и технологий (Палапье, Ботсвана)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Botswana International University of Science and Technology (Palapye, Botswana)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Jamisola Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Джамисола-младший</surname>
              <given-names>Родриго С.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Jamisola Jr.</surname>
              <given-names>Rodrigo S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pmi@spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6481-1545</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Ботсванский международный университет науки и технологий (Палапье, Ботсвана)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Botswana International University of Science and Technology (Palapye, Botswana)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Suglo</surname>
            <given-names>Raymond S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сугло</surname>
              <given-names>Раймонд С.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Suglo</surname>
              <given-names>Raymond S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>suglor@biust.ac.bw</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5031-5655</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Ботсванский международный университет науки и технологий (Палапье, Ботсвана)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Botswana International University of Science and Technology (Palapye, Botswana)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Matsebe</surname>
            <given-names>Oduetse </given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мацебе</surname>
              <given-names>Одуэтсе </given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Matsebe</surname>
              <given-names>Oduetse </given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>matsebeo@biust.ac.bw</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6052-7320</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff4">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Ботсванский международный университет науки и технологий (Палапье, Ботсвана)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Botswana International University of Science and Technology (Palapye, Botswana)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>275</volume>
      <fpage>179</fpage>
      <lpage>195</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-03">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-25">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2025 Оналетата  Сауби, Родриго С. Джамисола-младший, Раймонд С. Сугло, Одуэтсе  Мацебе</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2025 Onalethata  Saubi, Rodrigo S. Jamisola Jr., Raymond S. Suglo, Oduetse  Matsebe</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Оналетата  Сауби, Родриго С. Джамисола-младший, Раймонд С. Сугло, Одуэтсе  Мацебе</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Onalethata  Saubi, Rodrigo S. Jamisola Jr., Raymond S. Suglo, Oduetse  Matsebe</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16592">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16592</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>В данном исследовании демонстрируются различные методы искусственного интеллекта для прогнозирования и оптимизации взрывного дробления породы на алмазном руднике Орапа в Ботсване. Эти методы включают искусственные нейронные сети (ИНС/ANN), адаптивную нейро-нечеткую систему вывода (ANFIS), генетический алгоритм с ИНС (GA-ANN) и метод роя частиц с ИНС (PSO-ANN). Для выполнения задачи была использована база данных, включающая информацию о 120 взрывных работах на руднике с девятью входными параметрами. Результаты показывают, что модель PSO-ANN превосходит другие в прогнозировании взрывного дробления породы. Оптимальная модель включает девять входных параметров, два скрытых слоя с 65 и 30 нейронами и один выходной параметр (7-65-30-1). Это десятимерное пространство решений исследовалось с использованием градиентного спуска для определения оптимизированных параметров проектирования взрыва, и достигнуто оптимальное значение дробления приблизительно 86 %. Результаты анализа чувствительности показывают, что входными параметрами, имеющими наибольшее влияние на дробление, являются коэффициент крепости породы (15,3 %), индекс взрываемости (14,7 %) и коэффициент сближения скважин (14,7 %). Наименьшее влияние на дробление оказывает коэффициент жесткости (6,3 %).</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This study demonstrates various artificial intelligence methods to predict and optimise blast-induced rock fragmentation at Orapa Diamond Mine in Botswana. These techniques include an artificial neural network (ANN), an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a genetic algorithm with ANN (GA-ANN), and particle swarm optimization with ANN (PSO-ANN). A collection of data from 120 blasting events with nine input parameters at the mine was utilized for this task. The results indicate that the PSO-ANN model outperforms other models in predicting blast-induced fragmentation. We used the optimal PSO-ANN model to optimise fragmentation, identified using the Monte Carlo method. The optimal model consists of nine inputs, two hidden layers with 65 and 30 neurons, and one output (7-65-30-1). Using gradient descent, we navigated this ten-dimensional solution space to determine the optimised blast design parameters and achieved an optimal fragmentation value of approximately 86 %. Sensitivity analysis results reveal that the most influential input parameters on fragmentation are rock factor (15.3 %), blastability index (14.7 %), and spacing-to-burden ratio (14.7 %). In contrast, the stiffness ratio has the least influence on fragmentation (6.3 %).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>оптимизация</kwd>
        <kwd>прогнозирование</kwd>
        <kwd>взрывные работы</kwd>
        <kwd>дробление породы</kwd>
        <kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd>
        <kwd>анализ чувствительности</kwd>
        <kwd>алмазный рудник</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>optimisation</kwd>
        <kwd>prediction</kwd>
        <kwd>blasting</kwd>
        <kwd>rock fragmentation</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>sensitivity analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>diamond mine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследовательский проект финансировался алмазной компанией Debswana, грант № P00064.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research project was funded by Debswana Diamond Company with grant N P00064.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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