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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">QBQQCT</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-16306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16306</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геотехнология и инженерная геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Modelling of compositional gradient for reservoir fluid in a gas condensate deposit with account for scattered liquid hydrocarbons</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Моделирование распределения начального состава пластового флюида в газоконденсатной залежи с учетом рассеянных жидких углеводородов</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Kusochkova</surname>
            <given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кусочкова</surname>
              <given-names>Е. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kusochkova</surname>
              <given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>kusocheek@bk.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-3537-5521</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем нефти и газа РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Oil and Gas Research Institute of RAS (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Indrupskii</surname>
            <given-names>Ilya M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Индрупский</surname>
              <given-names>И. М.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Indrupskii</surname>
              <given-names>Ilya M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>i-ind@ipng.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0038-6279</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем нефти и газа РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Oil and Gas Research Institute of RAS (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Surnachev</surname>
            <given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сурначев</surname>
              <given-names>Д. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Surnachev</surname>
              <given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>d_surnachev@ipng.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8257-4272</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем нефти и газа РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Oil and Gas Research Institute of RAS (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Alekseeva</surname>
            <given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Алексеева</surname>
              <given-names>Ю. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Alekseeva</surname>
              <given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>avajul@yandex.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5108-5874</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff4">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем нефти и газа РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Oil and Gas Research Institute of RAS (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Drozdov</surname>
            <given-names>Aleksandr N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Дроздов</surname>
              <given-names>А. Н.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Drozdov</surname>
              <given-names>Aleksandr N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>drozdov_an@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9509-203X</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff5">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’s Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-26">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>270</volume>
      <fpage>904</fpage>
      <lpage>918</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-12-25">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2024 Е. В. Кусочкова, И. М. Индрупский, Д. В. Сурначев, Ю. В. Алексеева, А. Н. Дроздов</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2024 Ekaterina V. Kusochkova, Ilya M. Indrupskii, Dmitrii V. Surnachev, Yuliya V. Alekseeva, Aleksandr N. Drozdov</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Е. В. Кусочкова, И. М. Индрупский, Д. В. Сурначев, Ю. В. Алексеева, А. Н. Дроздов</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ekaterina V. Kusochkova, Ilya M. Indrupskii, Dmitrii V. Surnachev, Yuliya V. Alekseeva, Aleksandr N. Drozdov</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16306">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16306</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>В нефтегазовых пластах со значительным этажом продуктивности зависимость начального состава углеводородов от глубины – композиционный градиент – является важным фактором при оценке запасов компонентов, положения газонефтяного контакта, изменения свойств флюида по объему залежи. Известные модели композиционного градиента основываются на термодинамических соотношениях, предполагающих квазиравновесное состояние многокомпонентной гидродинамически связанной углеводородной системы в гравитационном поле с учетом влияния естественного геотермического градиента. Соответствующие алгоритмы позволяют рассчитывать изменение давления и состава углеводородного флюида с глубиной, включая определение положения газонефтяного контакта (ГНК). Выше и ниже ГНК состояние флюида считается однофазным. Для многих нефтегазоконденсатных залежей характерно присутствие в пределах газонасыщенной части пласта небольшой исходной доли жидкой углеводородной фазы (ЖУВ) – рассеянной нефти. Для учета данного явления предложена специальная модификация термодинамической модели и реализован алгоритм расчета композиционного градиента в газоконденсатной залежи с наличием ЖУВ. Рассмотрены примеры, моделирующие характерные составы и условия трех реальных нефтегазоконденсатных залежей. По результатам расчетов с использованием предложенного алгоритма показаны особенности изменения содержания ЖУВ и его влияния на распределение состава газоконденсатной смеси по глубине. Присутствие ЖУВ приводит к повышению уровня и возможному изменению типа флюидального контакта. Характер зависимости доли ЖУВ от глубины может быть различным и обусловлен растворением легких компонентов в насыщенной жидкой фазе. Состав ЖУВ в газоконденсатной части залежи изменяется с глубиной иначе, чем в нефтяной зоне, где жидкая фаза недонасыщена легкими углеводородами. Результаты работы имеют значение для оценки начальных запасов и потенциальной эффективности извлечения углеводородных компонентов в газоконденсатных и нефтегазоконденсатных залежах с большим этажом продуктивности.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In oil and gas reservoirs with significant hydrocarbon columns the dependency of the initial hydrocarbon composition on depth – the compositional gradient – is an important factor in assessing the initial amounts of components in place, the position of the gas-oil contact, and variations of fluid properties throughout the reservoir volume. Known models of the compositional gradient are based on thermodynamic relations assuming a quasi-equilibrium state of a multi-component hydrodynamically connected hydrocarbon system in the gravity field, taking into account the influence of the natural geothermal gradient. The corresponding algorithms allow for calculation of changes in pressure and hydrocarbon fluid composition with depth, including determination of the gas-oil contact (GOC) position. Above and below the GOC, the fluid state is considered single-phase. Many oil-gas-condensate reservoirs typically have a small initial fraction of the liquid hydrocarbon phase (LHC) – scattered oil – within the gas-saturated part of the reservoir. To account for this phenomenon, a special modification of the thermodynamic model has been proposed, and an algorithm for calculating the compositional gradient in a gas condensate reservoir with the presence of LHC has been implemented. Simulation cases modelling the characteristic compositions and conditions of three real oil-gas-condensate fields are considered. The results of the calculations using the proposed algorithm show peculiarities of variations of the LHC content and its impact on the distribution of gas condensate mixture composition with depth. The presence of LHC leads to an increase in the level and possible change in the type of the fluid contact. The character of the LHC fraction dependency on depth can be different and is governed by the dissolution of light components in the saturated liquid phase. The composition of the LHC in the gas condensate part of the reservoir changes with depth differently than in the oil zone, where the liquid phase is undersaturated with light hydrocarbons. The results of the study are significant for assessing initial amounts of hydrocarbon components and potential efficiency of their recovery in gas condensate and oil-gas-condensate reservoirs with large hydrocarbon columns.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>газоконденсатная залежь</kwd>
        <kwd>начальный компонентный состав</kwd>
        <kwd>распределение состава по глубине</kwd>
        <kwd>композиционный градиент</kwd>
        <kwd>жидкие углеводороды</kwd>
        <kwd>рассеянная нефть</kwd>
        <kwd>фазовое равновесие</kwd>
        <kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd>численный алгоритм</kwd>
        <kwd>метод Ньютона</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>gas condensate reservoir</kwd>
        <kwd>initial fluid composition</kwd>
        <kwd>variation of composition with depth</kwd>
        <kwd>compositional gradient</kwd>
        <kwd>liquid hydrocarbons</kwd>
        <kwd>scattered oil</kwd>
        <kwd>phase equilibrium</kwd>
        <kwd>mathematical modelling</kwd>
        <kwd>numerical algorithm</kwd>
        <kwd>Newton’s method</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания ИПНГ РАН по темам 122022800272-4 «Совершенствование методов моделирования, лабораторных и промысловых исследований для создания  новых технологий эффективного экологически чистого извлечения углеводородов в сложных горно-геологических условиях» и 122022800274-8 «Создание научных основ новой системной методологии прогноза, поисков и освоения залежей углеводородов, включая залежи матричной нефти в газонасыщенных карбонатных  отложениях нефтегазоконденсатных месторождений»</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was fulfilled in the framework of OGRI RAS state assignment, topics 122022800272-4 “Improving the methods of modelling, laboratory and field studies for creation of new technologies for efficient environmentally friendly hydrocarbon recovery in complex mining and geological conditions” and 122022800274-8 “Creation of scientific foundations for a new system methodology for forecasting, prospecting and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs, including matrix oil deposits in gas-saturated carbonate deposits of oil-gas-condensate fields”</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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