2411-3336 2541-9404 Записки Горного института Journal of Mining Institute Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University SNUKNA pmi-16177 https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16177 Энергетика Energy industry Improving the efficiency of autonomous electrical complex with renewable energy sources by means of adaptive regulation of its operating modes Повышение энергоэффективности автономного электротехнического комплекса с возобновляемыми источниками энергии на основании адаптивной регулировки режимов работы Shpenst Vadim A. Шпенст В. А. Shpenst Vadim A. shpenst@spmi.ru 0000-0001-6091-6916 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Saint Petersburg, Russia) Belsky Aleksei A. Бельский А. А. Belsky Aleksei A. Belskiy_AA@pers.spmi.ru 0000-0002-2619-1496 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Saint Petersburg, Russia) Orel Evgeny A. Орел Е. А. Orel Evgeny A. orel.geny@yandex.ru 0000-0003-4965-0998 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Saint Petersburg, Russia) 19 07 2023 2023 261 479 492 02 03 2023 20 06 2023 19 07 2023 © 2023 В. А. Шпенст, А. А. Бельский, Е. А. Орел © 2023 Vadim A. Shpenst, Aleksei A. Belsky, Evgeny A. Orel 2023 В. А. Шпенст, А. А. Бельский, Е. А. Орел Vadim A. Shpenst, Aleksei A. Belsky, Evgeny A. Orel Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/16177

Возобновляемые источники энергии постепенно обретают свою нишу использования в минерально-сырьевом комплексе. Их активно применяют в отдаленных малонаселенных районах для питания вахтовых поселков, геологоразведочных и метеорологических станций, аппаратуры трубопроводов, сотовых вышек, освещения вертолетных площадок и т.д. По сравнению с питанием от дизельгенераторных установок, системы с возобновляемыми источниками не требуют транспортировки топлива, характеризуются малыми сроками окупаемости и гибкой настройкой под разные категории потребителей. Основные препятствия к их распространению – нестабильность генерации и высокая себестоимость производимого электричества. Первый способ решения этих проблем заключается в развитии технологий, увеличении удельной мощности объектов генерации и систем накопления энергии. Второй способ – энергосбережение и рациональное использование ресурсов. Предложены решения для реализации второго способа. Объектом исследования являются автономные электротехнические комплексы постоянного тока с фото- и ветроэнергетическими установками. Переток мощности от источников генерации к потребителям в таких системах осуществляется через промежуточную шину постоянного тока, уровень напряжения которой влияет на потери мощности в процессе энергопередачи. Проблемой большинства комплексов является то, что напряжение шины жестко задано, в то время как оптимум, для которого будут характерны наименьшие потери, изменяется в зависимости от объемов генерации и потребления. Поэтому электротехнические комплексы теряют часть передаваемой энергии. Во избежание этого в комплекс добавляют алгоритм автоподстройки уровня напряжения шины под изменяющиеся условия работы. Дополнительный вклад в повышение эффективности способно внести динамическое изменение рабочей частоты преобразователей в составе комплекса в зависимости от нагрузки. Оценка по результатам имитационного компьютерного моделирования показала, что потери активной мощности в комплексе с выработкой 10 кВт на протяжении срока его службы сокращаются на 2-5 %.

Renewable energy sources are gradually becoming useful in mining industry. They are actively used in remote, sparsely populated areas to power shift settlements, geological and meteorological stations, pipeline equipment, mobile cell towers, helicopter pads lighting, etc. In comparison with diesel generators, systems with renewable sources do not require fuel transportation, have short payback periods and flexible configuration for different categories of electrical loads. The main obstacles to their spread are instability of generation and high cost of produced electricity. One of the possible ways to solve these problems is to develop new technologies, increase power density of generators and energy storage systems. The other way represents energy saving and rational use of affordable resources. The new solutions for implementation of the second method are proposed in this work. The object of the study is autonomous DC electrical complex with photovoltaic and wind power sources. In such systems the generated power from renewable sources is transferred to consumers via intermediate DC bus, the voltage level of which affects the power losses in the process of power transmission. The vast majority of complexes have a problem that their DC bus voltage is constant, while the optimum voltage level with lowest losses varies depending on the generated and consumed power. Therefore, electrical complexes potentially lose a part of the transmitted energy. To avoid this, a special algorithm was added to automatically adjust DC bus voltage to optimum level according to changes in working conditions. An additional contribution to efficiency improvement can be made by dynamic change of operating frequency in power converters depending on their load. The evaluation based on results of computer simulation showed that in a complex with rated power 10 kW active power losses during its lifetime can be reduced by 2-5 %.

 Ключевые слова возобновляемая энергетика энергоэффективность КПД солнечные панели силовая электроника Keywords renewable energy efficiency wind turbines solar panels power electronics Жуковский Ю.Л., Королев Н.А., Малькова Я.М. Мониторинг состояния измельчения в барабанных мельницах по результирующему моменту на валу // Записки Горного института. 2022. Т. 256. С. 686-700. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2022.91 Zhukovskiy Yu.L., Korolev N.A., Malkova Ya.M. Monitoring of grinding condition in drum mills based on resulting shaft torque. Journal of Mining Institute. 2022. Vol. 256, p. 686-700. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2022.91 Пряхин Е.И., Трошина Е.Ю. Изучение технологических и эксплуатационных особенностей высокотемпературостойких композитных пленок для лазерной маркировки деталей из черных сплавов // Черные металлы. 2023. № 4. С. 74-80. DOI: 10.17580/chm.2023.04.12 Pryakhin E.I., Troshina E.Yu. Study of technological and operational features of high-temperature-resistant composite films for laser marking of parts made of ferrous alloys. Chernye metally. 2023. N 4, p. 74-80 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17580/chm.2023.04.12 Сычев Ю.А., Костин В.Н., Сериков В.А., Аладьин М.Е. Анализ несинусоидальных режимов в системах электроснабжения горных предприятий с нелинейной нагрузкой и конденсаторными установками // Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень. 2023. № 1. С. 159-179. DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2023_1_0_159 Sychev Yu.A., Kostin V.N., Serikov V.A., Aladin M.E. Nonsinusoidal modes in power-supply systems with nonlinear loads and capacitors in mining. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2023. N 1, p. 159-179 (in Russian). DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2023_1_0_159 Gerasimova I.G., Oblova I.S., Golovina E.I. The Demographic Factor Impact on the Economics of the Arctic Region // Resources. 2021. Vol. 10. Iss. 11. № 117. DOI: 10.3390/resources10110117 Gerasimova I.G., Oblova I.S., Golovina E.I. The Demographic Factor Impact on the Economics of the Arctic Region. Resources. 2021. Vol. 10. Iss. 11. N 117. DOI: 10.3390/resources10110117 Lavrik A., Zhukovskiy Yu., Tcvetkov P. Optimizing the Size of Autonomous Hybrid Microgrids with Regard to Load Shifting // Energies. 2022. Vol. 14. Iss. 16. № 5059. DOI: 10.3390/en14165059 Lavrik A., Zhukovskiy Yu., Tcvetkov P. Optimizing the Size of Autonomous Hybrid Microgrids with Regard to Load Shifting. Energies. 2022. Vol. 14. Iss. 16. N 5059. DOI: 10.3390/en14165059 Samylovskaya E., Makhovikov A., Lutonin A. et al. Digital Technologies in Arctic Oil and Gas Resources Extraction: Global Trends and Russian Experience // Resources. 2022. Vol. 11. Iss. 3. № 29. DOI: 10.3390/resources11030029 Samylovskaya E., Makhovikov A., Lutonin A. et al. Digital Technologies in Arctic Oil and Gas Resources Extraction: Global Trends and Russian Experience. Resources. 2022. Vol. 11. Iss. 3. N 29. DOI: 10.3390/resources11030029 Khalturin A.A., Parfenchik K.D., Shpenst V.A. Features of Oil Spills Monitoring on the Water Surface by the Russian Fede-ration in the Arctic Region // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023. Vol. 11. Iss. 1. № 111. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11010111 Khalturin A.A., Parfenchik K.D., Shpenst V.A. Features of Oil Spills Monitoring on the Water Surface by the Russian Fede-ration in the Arctic Region. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023. Vol. 11. Iss. 1. N 111. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11010111 Kopteva A.V., Ushkova T.O. Development of methods for determining the relative weight of physical factors in pipeline paraffinization // E3S Web of Conferences. 2021. Vol. 266. № 04008. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202126604008 Kopteva A.V., Ushkova T.O. Development of methods for determining the relative weight of physical factors in pipeline paraffinization. E3S Web of Conferences. 2021. Vol. 266. N 04008. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202126604008 Змиева К.А. Проблемы энергоснабжения арктических регионов // Российская Арктика. 2020. № 8. С. 5-14. DOI: 10.2441/2658-4255-2020-10086 Zmieva K.A. Problems of energy supply in the Arctic regions. Russian Arctic. 2020. N 8, p. 5-14 (in Russian). DOI: 10.2441/2658-4255-2020-10086 Лебедева М.А. Состояние и перспективы развития возобновляемой энергетики в регионах Крайнего Севера России // Проблемы развития территории. 2021. Т. 25. № 4. С. 139-155. DOI: 10.15838/ptd.2021.4.114.8 Lebedeva M.A. The state and prospects of renewable energy development in the regions of the Far North of Russia. Problems of Territory's Development. 2021. Vol. 25. N 4, p. 139-155 (in Russian). DOI: 10.15838/ptd.2021.4.114.8 Hongwei Wu, Sechilariu M., Locment F. Influence of Dynamic Efficiency in the DC Microgrid Power Balance // Energies. 2017. Vol. 10. Iss. 10. № 1563. DOI: 10.3390/en10101563 Hongwei Wu, Sechilariu M., Locment F. Influence of Dynamic Efficiency in the DC Microgrid Power Balance. Energies. 2017. Vol. 10. Iss. 10. N 1563. DOI: 10.3390/en10101563 Мартынов С.А., Масько О.Н., Федоров С.Н. Перспективные системы управления энергетическим режимом рудно-термических печей // Цветные металлы. 2022. № 4. С. 87-94. DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2022.04.11 Martynov S.A., Masko O.N., Fedorov S.N. Innovative ore-thermal furnace control systems. Tsvetnye metally. 2022. N 4, p. 87-94 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2022.04.11 Romasheva N., Dmitrieva D. Energy Resources Exploitation in the Russian Arctic: Challenges and Prospects for the Sustainable Development of the Ecosystem // Energies. 2021. Vol. 14. Iss. 24. № 8300. DOI: 10.3390/en14248300 Romasheva N., Dmitrieva D. Energy Resources Exploitation in the Russian Arctic: Challenges and Prospects for the Sustainable Development of the Ecosystem. Energies. 2021. Vol. 14. Iss. 24. N 8300. DOI: 10.3390/en14248300 Ilinova A., Solovyova V., Yudin S. Scenario-based forecasting of Russian Arctic energy shelf development // Energy Reports. 2020. Vol. 6. S. 9. P. 1349-1355. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.022 Ilinova A., Solovyova V., Yudin S. Scenario-based forecasting of Russian Arctic energy shelf development. Energy Reports. 2020. Vol. 6. S. 9, p. 1349-1355. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.022 Dastgeer F., Gelani H.E. A Comparative analysis of system efficiency for AC and DC residential power distribution paradigms // Energy and Buildings. 2017. Vol. 138. P. 648-654. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.077 Dastgeer F., Gelani H.E. A Comparative analysis of system efficiency for AC and DC residential power distribution paradigms. Energy and Buildings. 2017. Vol. 138, p. 648-654. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.077 Elistratov V.V. Renewable Energy Trends within the Concept of Low-Carbon Development // Applied Solar Energy. 2022. Vol. 58. Iss. 4. P. 594-599. DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X22040077 Elistratov V.V. Renewable Energy Trends within the Concept of Low-Carbon Development. Applied Solar Energy. 2022. Vol. 58. Iss. 4, p. 594-599. DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X22040077 Rizzato Lede A.M., Molina M.G., Martinez M., Mercado P.E. Microgrid Architectures for Distributed Generation: A Brief Review // IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference – Latin America (ISGT Latin America), 20-22 September 2017, Quito, Ecuador. IEEE, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2017.8126746 Rizzato Lede A.M., Molina M.G., Martinez M., Mercado P.E. Microgrid Architectures for Distributed Generation: A Brief Review. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference – Latin America (ISGT Latin America), 20-22 September 2017, Quito, Ecuador. IEEE, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2017.8126746 Abdallah W.J., Hashmi K., Faiz M.T. et al. A Novel Control Method for Active Power Sharing in Renewable-Energy-Based Micro Distribution Networks // Sustainability. 2023. Vol. 15. Iss. 2. № 1579. DOI: 10.3390/su15021579 Abdallah W.J., Hashmi K., Faiz M.T. et al. A Novel Control Method for Active Power Sharing in Renewable-Energy-Based Micro Distribution Networks. Sustainability. 2023. Vol. 15. Iss. 2. N 1579. DOI: 10.3390/su15021579 Kumar D., Zare F., Ghosh A. DC Microgrid Technology: System Architectures, AC Grid Interfaces, Grounding Schemes, Power Quality, Communication Networks, Applications, and Standardizations Aspects // IEEE Access. 2017. Vol. 5. P. 12230-12256. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2705914 Kumar D., Zare F., Ghosh A. DC Microgrid Technology: System Architectures, AC Grid Interfaces, Grounding Schemes, Power Quality, Communication Networks, Applications, and Standardizations Aspects. IEEE Access. 2017. Vol. 5, p. 12230-12256. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2705914 Aaron St. Leger. Demand response impacts on off-grid hybrid photovoltaic-diesel generator microgrids // AIMS Energy. 2015. Vol. 3. Iss. 3. P. 360-376. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2015.3.360 Aaron St. Leger. Demand response impacts on off-grid hybrid photovoltaic-diesel generator microgrids. AIMS Energy. 2015. Vol. 3. Iss. 3, p. 360-376. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2015.3.360 Jiechao Lv, Xiaoli Wang, Guishuo Wang, Yuhou Song. Research on Control Strategy of Isolated DC Microgrid Based on SOC of Energy Storage System // Electronics. 2021. Vol. 10. Iss. 7. № 834. DOI: 10.3390/electronics10070834 Jiechao Lv, Xiaoli Wang, Guishuo Wang, Yuhou Song. Research on Control Strategy of Isolated DC Microgrid Based on SOC of Energy Storage System. Electronics. 2021. Vol. 10. Iss. 7. N 834. DOI: 10.3390/electronics10070834 Ayop R., Chee Wei Tan. Design of boost converter based on maximum power point resistance for photovoltaic applications // Solar Energy. 2018. Vol. 160. P. 322-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.016 Ayop R., Chee Wei Tan. Design of boost converter based on maximum power point resistance for photovoltaic applications. Solar Energy. 2018. Vol. 160, p. 322-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.016 Seguel J.L., Seleme Jr S.I., Moráis L.M.F. Comparison of the performance of MPPT methods applied in converters Buck and Buck-Boost for autonomous photovoltaic systems // Ingeniare. Revista chilena de ingeniería. 2021. Vol. 29. № 2. P. 229-244. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-33052021000200229 Seguel J.L., Seleme Jr S.I., Moráis L.M.F. Comparison of the performance of MPPT methods applied in converters Buck and Buck-Boost for autonomous photovoltaic systems. Ingeniare. Revista chilena de ingeniería. 2021. Vol. 29. N 2, p. 229-244. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-33052021000200229 Hanzaei S.H., Gorji S.A., Ektesabi M. A Scheme-Based Review of MPPT Techniques With Respect to Input Variables Including Solar Irradiance and PV Arrays’ Temperature // IEEE Access. 2020. Vol. 8. P. 182229-182239. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3028580 Hanzaei S.H., Gorji S.A., Ektesabi M. A Scheme-Based Review of MPPT Techniques With Respect to Input Variables Including Solar Irradiance and PV Arrays’ Temperature. IEEE Access. 2020. Vol. 8, p. 182229-182239. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3028580 Pande J., Nasikkar P., Kotecha K., Varadarajan V. A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Wind Energy Conversion Systems // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 9. Iss. 11. № 1187. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9111187 Pande J., Nasikkar P., Kotecha K., Varadarajan V. A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 9. Iss. 11. N 1187. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9111187 Belsky A., Dobush V., Ivanchenko D. Wind-PV-Diesel Hybrid System with flexible DC-bus voltage level // Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference (PQ), 11-13 June 2014, Rakvere, Estonia. IEEE, 2014. P. 181-184. DOI: 10.1109/PQ.2014.6866806 Belsky A., Dobush V., Ivanchenko D. Wind-PV-Diesel Hybrid System with flexible DC-bus voltage level. Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference (PQ), 11-13 June 2014, Rakvere, Estonia. IEEE, 2014, p. 181-184. DOI: 10.1109/PQ.2014.6866806 Honadia P.A.A., Barro F.I., Sané M. Performance Analysis of a Boost Converter with Components Losses // Energy and Power Engineering. 2018. Vol. 10. № 9. P. 399-413. DOI: 10.4236/epe.2018.109025 Honadia P.A.A., Barro F.I., Sané M. Performance Analysis of a Boost Converter with Components Losses. Energy and Power Engineering. 2018. Vol. 10. N 9, p. 399-413. DOI: 10.4236/epe.2018.109025 Yuan-Chih Chang, Hao-Chin Chang, Chien-Yu Huang. Design and Implementation of the Battery Energy Storage System in DC Micro-Grid Systems // Energies. 2018. Vol. 11. Iss. 6. № 1566. DOI: 10.3390/en11061566 Yuan-Chih Chang, Hao-Chin Chang, Chien-Yu Huang. Design and Implementation of the Battery Energy Storage System in DC Micro-Grid Systems. Energies. 2018. Vol. 11. Iss. 6. N 1566. DOI: 10.3390/en11061566 Sayed Kh., Abo-Khalil A.G., Alghamdi A.S. Optimum Resilient Operation and Control DC Microgrid Based Electric Vehicles Charging Station Powered by Renewable Energy Sources // Energies. 2019. Vol. 12. Iss. 22. № 4240. DOI: 10.3390/en12224240 Sayed Kh., Abo-Khalil A.G., Alghamdi A.S. Optimum Resilient Operation and Control DC Microgrid Based Electric Vehicles Charging Station Powered by Renewable Energy Sources. Energies. 2019. Vol. 12. Iss. 22. N 4240. DOI: 10.3390/en12224240 Ternifi T.Z., Atik L., Bachir G. et al. Quality improvement of the AC electrical energy produced by a modular inverter dedicated to photovoltaic applications // AIP Conference Proceedings. Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability (TMREES), 15-18 April 2016, Beirut, Lebanon. AIP Publishing, 2016. Vol. 1758. Iss. 1. № 030048. DOI: 10.1063/1.4959444 Ternifi T.Z., Atik L., Bachir G. et al. Quality improvement of the AC electrical energy produced by a modular inverter dedicated to photovoltaic applications. AIP Conference Proceedings. Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability (TMREES), 15-18 April 2016, Beirut, Lebanon. AIP Publishing, 2016. Vol. 1758. Iss. 1. N 030048. DOI: 10.1063/1.4959444 Hannan S., Aslam S., Ghayur M. Design and real-time implementation of SPWM based inverter // International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), 22-23 February 2018, Lahore, Pakistan. IEEE, 2018. P. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ICEET1.2018.8338637 Hannan S., Aslam S., Ghayur M. Design and real-time implementation of SPWM based inverter. International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), 22-23 February 2018, Lahore, Pakistan. IEEE, 2018, p. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ICEET1.2018.8338637 Castillo-Calzadilla T., Cuesta M.A., Olivares-Rodriguez C. et al. Is it feasible a massive deployment of low voltage direct current microgrids renewable-based? A technical and social sight // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2022. Vol. 161. № 112198. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112198 Castillo-Calzadilla T., Cuesta M.A., Olivares-Rodriguez C. et al. Is it feasible a massive deployment of low voltage direct current microgrids renewable-based? A technical and social sight. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2022. Vol. 161. N 112198. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112198 Habibi S., Rahimi R., Ferdowsi M., Shamsi P. DC Bus Voltage Selection for a Grid-Connected Low-Voltage DC Residential Nanogrid Using Real Data with Modified Load Profiles // Energies. 2021. Vol. 14. Iss. 21. № 7001. DOI: 10.3390/en14217001 Habibi S., Rahimi R., Ferdowsi M., Shamsi P. DC Bus Voltage Selection for a Grid-Connected Low-Voltage DC Residential Nanogrid Using Real Data with Modified Load Profiles. Energies. 2021. Vol. 14. Iss. 21. N 7001. DOI: 10.3390/en14217001 Siraj K., Khan H.A. DC distribution for residential power networks – A framework to analyze the impact of voltage levels on energy efficiency // Energy Reports. 2020. Vol. 6. P. 944-951. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.018 Siraj K., Khan H.A. DC distribution for residential power networks – A framework to analyze the impact of voltage levels on energy efficiency. Energy Reports. 2020. Vol. 6, p. 944-951. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.018 Лукутин Б.В., Муравьев Д.И. Перспективы децентрализованных систем электроснабжения постоянного тока с распределенной солнечной генерацией // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. 2020. Т. 331. № 6. С. 184-196. DOI: 10.18799/24131830/2020/6/2688 Lukutin B.V., Muravyev D.I. Prospects for decentralized DC systems with distributed solar generation. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering. 2020. Vol. 331. N 6, p. 184-196 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18799/24131830/2020/6/2688 Zhikang Shuai, Junbin Fang, Fenggen Ning, Z. John Shen. Hierarchical structure and bus voltage control of DC microgrid // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018. Vol. 82. Part 3. P. 3670-3682. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.096 Zhikang Shuai, Junbin Fang, Fenggen Ning, Z. John Shen. Hierarchical structure and bus voltage control of DC microgrid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018. Vol. 82. Part 3, p. 3670-3682. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.096 Elvira D.G., Blaví H.V., Pastor À.C., Salamero L.M. Efficiency Optimization of a Variable Bus Voltage DC Microgrid // Energies. 2018. Vol. 11. Iss. 11. № 3090. DOI: 10.3390/en11113090 Elvira D.G., Blaví H.V., Pastor À.C., Salamero L.M. Efficiency Optimization of a Variable Bus Voltage DC Microgrid. Energies. 2018. Vol. 11. Iss. 11. N 3090. DOI: 10.3390/en11113090 Eichhorn T. Boost Converter Efficiency Through Accurate Calculations // Power Electronics Technology. 2008. Iss. 9. P. 30-35. Eichhorn T. Boost Converter Efficiency Through Accurate Calculations. Power Electronics Technology. 2008. Iss. 9, p. 30-35. Das N., Kazimierczuk M.K. Power losses and efficiency of buck PWM DC-DC power converter // Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, 23-26 October 2005, Indianapolis, USA. IEEE, 2005. P. 417-423. DOI: 10.1109/EEIC.2005.1566330 Das N., Kazimierczuk M.K. Power losses and efficiency of buck PWM DC-DC power converter. Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, 23-26 October 2005, Indianapolis, USA. IEEE, 2005, p. 417-423. DOI: 10.1109/EEIC.2005.1566330 Balıkcı A., Azizoğlu B.T., Durbaba E., Akpınar E. Efficiency Calculation of Inverter for PV Applications Using MATLAB and SPICE // International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM) & 2017 Intl Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP), 25-27 May 2017, Brasov, Romania. IEEE, 2017. P. 593-598. DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2017.7975033 Balıkcı A., Azizoğlu B.T., Durbaba E., Akpınar E. Efficiency Calculation of Inverter for PV Applications Using MATLAB and SPICE. International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM) & 2017 Intl Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP), 25-27 May 2017, Brasov, Romania. IEEE, 2017, p. 593-598. DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2017.7975033 Geetha K., Sreenivasappa B.V. Power Loss Calculation for IGBT and SiC MOSFET // Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology. 2020. Vol. XII. Iss. VIII. P. 378-382. DOI: 10.37896/JXAT12.08/2637 Geetha K., Sreenivasappa B.V. Power Loss Calculation for IGBT and SiC MOSFET. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology. 2020. Vol. XII. Iss. VIII, p. 378-382. DOI: 10.37896/JXAT12.08/2637 Zheliazkov Y. Researching the efficiency of buck converter synchronous rectifier // Technology Audit and Production Reserves. 2020. Vol. 4. № 1(54). P. 44-50. DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.207893 Zheliazkov Y. Researching the efficiency of buck converter synchronous rectifier. Technology Audit and Production Reserves. 2020. Vol. 4. N 1(54), p. 44-50. DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.207893 Hinov N., Arnaudov D., Valchev V., Vuchev S. Comparative Loss Analysis of Boost and Synchronous Boost DC-DC Converters // XXVI International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), 13-15 September 2017, Sozopol, Bulgaria. IEEE, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/ET.2017.8124347 Hinov N., Arnaudov D., Valchev V., Vuchev S. Comparative Loss Analysis of Boost and Synchronous Boost DC-DC Converters. XXVI International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), 13-15 September 2017, Sozopol, Bulgaria. IEEE, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/ET.2017.8124347 Обухов С.Г., Плотников И.А. Имитационная модель режимов работы автономной фотоэлектрической станции с учетом реальных условий эксплуатации // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. 2017. Т. 328. № 6. С. 38-51. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A. et al. Simulation model of operation of autonomous photovoltaic plant under actual operating conditions. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering. 2017. Vol. 328. N 6, p. 38-51 (in Russian). Flores D.R.L., Gómez J.A.P., Herrera R.S., Alvarado M.S. Tracking Control of the Maximum Power Point (MPPT) in a Small Wind Turbine (SWT) for Isolated Residential Applications // WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 2013. Vol. 12. Iss. 8. P. 253-261. Flores D.R.L., Gómez J.A.P., Herrera R.S., Alvarado M.S. Tracking Control of the Maximum Power Point (MPPT) in a Small Wind Turbine (SWT) for Isolated Residential Applications. WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 2013. Vol. 12. Iss. 8, p. 253-261.