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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31897/PMI.2022.101</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-15935</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15935</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геотехнология и инженерная геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of machine learning technology to model the distribution  of lithotypes in the Permo-Carboniferous oil deposit of the Usinskoye field</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Применение технологии машинного обучения при моделировании  распределения литотипов на пермокарбоновой залежи нефти  Усинского месторождения</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Potekhin</surname>
            <given-names>Denis V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Потехин</surname>
              <given-names>Д. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Potekhin</surname>
              <given-names>Denis V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>doc_galkin@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9185-7709</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Galkin</surname>
            <given-names>Sergei V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Галкин</surname>
              <given-names>С. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Galkin</surname>
              <given-names>Sergei V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>doc_galkin@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7275-5419</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2023-02-27">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>259</volume>
      <fpage>41</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-01">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2023-02-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© Denis V. Potekhin, Sergei V. Galkin</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Д. В. Потехин, С. В. Галкин</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Denis V. Potekhin, Sergei V. Galkin</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15935">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15935</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Пермокарбоновая нефтяная залежь Усинского месторождения характеризуется исключительно сложным типом емкостного пространства с интенсивным распространением по разрезу кавернозности и трещиноватости пород. В работе для данного эксплуатационного объекта реализован процесс 3D-геологического моделирования, предусматривающий на первом этапе автоматизированное выделение объемов коллекторов путем сопоставления данных исследований керна и ГИС, на втором – выделение на основе сопоставления исследований шлифов и ГИС литотипов пород по классификации Данхема. Большой массив фактической информации позволяет при реализации поставленных задач применить технологии машинного обучения с использованием аппарата нейронных сетей Левенберга – Марквардта. Полученные на основе обучающих выборок алгоритмы прогноза выделения коллекторов и литотипов пород по ГИС применены к скважинам без отбора керна. Реализованный подход позволил дополнить 3D-геологическую модель информацией о фильтрационно-емкостных свойствах пород с учетом структурных особенностей выделенных литотипов. Для пермокарбоновой залежи нефти Усинского месторождения установлена объемная зональность распределения различных литотипов пород. С учетом выделенных литотипов на основе алгоритмов машинного обучения определены плотность и раскрытость трещин, на основе чего в объеме залежи рассчитана трещинная проницаемость. В целом ошибки машинного обучения при реализации составили порядка 3-5 %, что свидетельствует о достоверности полученных прогнозных решений. Результаты исследований заложены в действующую цифровую 3D-геолого-технологическую модель изучаемой залежи.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Permo-Carboniferous oil deposit of the Usinskoye field is characterized by an extremely complex type of the void space with intense cross-sectional distribution of cavernous and fractured rock. In this study, for this production site, the process of 3D geological modeling has been implemented. At the first stage, it provided for automated identification of reservoir volumes by comparing the data of core and well logging surveys; at the second stage, identification of rock lithotypes according to Dunham classification is performed on the basis of comparison of thin sections examination and well logging data. A large array of factual information enables the use of machine learning technology on the basis of Levenberg – Marquardt neural network apparatus toward achievement of our research goals. The prediction algorithms of reservoir and rock lithotype identification using well logging methods obtained on the basis of the training samples are applied to the wells without core sampling. The implemented approach enabled complementing the 3D geological model with information about rock permeability and porosity, taking into account the structural features of the identified lithotypes. For the Permo-Carboniferous oil deposit of the Usinskoye field, the volumetric zoning of the distribution of different rock lithotypes has been established. Taking into account the lithotypes identified based on machine learning algorithms, density and openness of fractures were determined, and fracture permeability in the deposit volume was calculated. In general, during the implementation, the machine learning errors remained within 3-5 %, which suggests reliability of the obtained predictive solutions. The results of the research are incorporated in the existing 3D digital geological and process model of the deposit under study.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>геофизические исследования скважин</kwd>
        <kwd>карбонатный коллектор</kwd>
        <kwd>керн</kwd>
        <kwd>литотип</kwd>
        <kwd>трещиноватость</kwd>
        <kwd>машинное обучение</kwd>
        <kwd>нейронные сети</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>well logging</kwd>
        <kwd>carbonate reservoir</kwd>
        <kwd>core</kwd>
        <kwd>lithotype</kwd>
        <kwd>fracturing</kwd>
        <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>neural networks</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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