2411-3336 2541-9404 Записки Горного института Journal of Mining Institute Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University 10.31897/PMI.2022.15 pmi-15646 https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15646 Геотехнология и инженерная геология Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable raw materials Получение биодизельного топлива из растительного сырья Kondrasheva Natalia K. Кондрашева Н. К. Kondrasheva Natalia K. natalia_kondrasheva@mail.ru 0000-0001-9340-4888 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia) Eremeeva Anzhelika M. Еремеева А. М. Eremeeva Anzhelika M. eremeevaanzhelika@yandex.ru 0000-0002-9212-5534 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia) 19 01 2023 2023 260 248 256 16 01 2022 06 04 2022 25 04 2023 © 2023 Н. К. Кондрашева, А. М. Еремеева © 2023 Natalia K. Kondrasheva, Anzhelika M. Eremeeva 2023 Н. К. Кондрашева, А. М. Еремеева Natalia K. Kondrasheva, Anzhelika M. Eremeeva Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15646

Одним из способов снижения количества вредных выбросов при использовании дизельного топлива может стать замена части топлива биотопливом. Исследования связаны с получением биодизельного топлива тремя способами: переэтерификацией растительных масел; этерификацией жирных кислот, выделенных из растительного масла; гидропереработкой растительных масел на катализаторах процесса гидроочистки дизельного топлива. Для получения биодизельного топлива использовались пищевые и непищевые масла, одноатомные и двухатомные спирты. Определены оптимальные параметры переэтерификации растительного масла: температура; соотношение сырья (масло:спирт); скорость перемешивания; время; выбран тип катализатора процесса. Изучены характеристики полученных образцов биодизельного топлива и сопоставлены друг с другом, а также с требованиями стандартов EN 14214 «Автомобильные топлива. Метиловые эфиры жирных кислот для дизельных двигателей. Общие технические требования» и EN 590:2009 «Топливо дизельное ЕВРО. Технические характеристики». Исходя из физико-химических характеристик биодизельного топлива, оптимальным способом его получения является переэтерификация растительных масел. Однако все виды топлива могут быть использованы в качестве компонентов смесевого экологически чистого дизельного топлива.

One way to reduce the amount of harmful emissions from diesel fuel could be the replacement of part of the fuel with biofuel. Research is related to the production of biodiesel fuel in three ways: transesterification of vegetable oils; esterification of fat acids extracted from vegetable oil; and hydroprocessing of vegetable oils using catalysts in the diesel hydrotreatment process. Food and non-food oils, monatomic and diatomic alcohols were used to produce biodiesel fuel. Optimal parameters of vegetable oil transesterification have been determined: temperature; raw material ratio (oil/alcohol); mixing speed; time; type of process catalyst. The characteristics of the obtained biodiesel fuel samples were studied and compared with each other as well as with the requirements of EN 14214 “Automotive fuels. Fat acid methyl ethers for diesel engines. General technical requirements” and EN 590:2009 “EURO diesel fuel. Technical specifications”. With regard to the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel fuel, the best way to produce it is by transesterification of vegetable oils. However, all fuels can be used as components of a blended environmentally friendly diesel fuel.

 Ключевые слова биотопливо этерификация переэтерификация гидропереработка растительное масло биодизельное топливо сложные эфиры Keywords biofuel esterification transesterification hydroprocessing vegetable oil biodiesel fuel complex ethers Litvinenko V.S., Sergeev I.B. Innovations as a Factor in the Development of the Natural Resources Sector // Studies on Russian Economic Development. 2019. Vol. 30. P. 637-645. DOI: 10.1134/S107570071906011X Litvinenko V.S., Sergeev I.B. Innovations as a Factor in the Development of the Natural Resources Sector. Studies on Russian Economic Development. 2019. Vol. 30, p. 637-645. DOI: 10.1134/S107570071906011X Анчита Х. Технология HYDRO-IMP для переработки тяжелой нефти // Записки Горного института. 2017. Т. 224. С. 229-234. DOI: 10.18454/PMI.2017.2.229 Anchita K. HYDRO-IMP technology for upgrading of heavy petroleum. Journal of Mining Institute. 2017. Vol. 224, p. 229-234. DOI: 10.18454/PMI.2017.2.229 Kazamia E., Smith A.G. Assessing the environmental sustainability of biofuels // Trends in plant science. 2014. Vol. 19. Iss. 10. P. 615-618. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.08.001 Kazamia E., Smith A.G. Assessing the environmental sustainability of biofuels. Trends in plant science. 2014. Vol. 19. Iss. 10, p. 615-618. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.08.001 Дворецкий С.И., Зазуля АН., Нагорнов С.А. и др. Производство биодизельного топлива из органического сырья // Вопросы современной науки и практики. Университет им. В.И.Вернадского. 2012. № S2 (39). С. 126-135. Dvoretsky S.I., Zazulya A.N., Nagornov S.A. et al. Biodiesel Production from Organic Raw Materia. Problems of Contemporary Science and Practice Vernadsky University. 2012. S2 (39), p. 126-135 (in Russian). Sultanbekov R., Islamov Sh., Mardashov D. et al. Research of the influence of marine residual fuel composition on sedimentation due to incompatibility // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 9. Iss. 10. № 1067. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9101067 Sultanbekov R., Islamov Sh., Mardashov D. et al. Research of the influence of marine residual fuel composition on sedimentation due to incompatibility. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 9. Iss. 10. N 1067. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9101067 Коршунов Г.И., Еремеева А.М., Дребенштедт К. Обоснование использования растительных добавок в дизельном топливе как способ защиты подземного персонала угольных шахт от влияния вредных выбросов дизель-гидравлических локомотивов // Записки Горного института. 2021. Т. 247. С. 39-47. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2021.1.5 Korshunov G.I., Eremeeva A.M., Drebenstedt P. Justification of the use of a vegetal additive to diesel fuel as a method of protecting underground personnel of coal mines from the impact of harmful emissions of diesel-hydraulic locomotives. Journal of Mining Institute. 2021. Vol. 247, p. 39-47. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2021.1.5 Pashkevich M.A. Classification and environmental impact of mine dumps // Assessment, Restoration and Reclamation of Mining Influenced Soils. 2017. P. 1-32. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809588-1.00001-3 Pashkevich M.A. Classification and environmental impact of mine dumps. Assessment, Restoration and Reclamation of Mining Influenced Soils. 2017, p. 1-32. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809588-1.00001-3 Fernando S., Adhikari S., Kota K., Bandi R. Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries // Fuel. 2007. Vol. 86. Iss. 17-18. P. 2806-2809. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.03.030 Fernando S., Adhikari S., Kota K., Bandi R. Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries. Fuel. 2007. Vol. 86. Iss. 17-18, p. 2806-2809. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.03.030 Hajjari M., Tabatabaei M., Aghbashlo M., Ghanavati H.J.R. A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization // Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017. Vol. 72. P. 445-464. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.034 Hajjari M., Tabatabaei M., Aghbashlo M., Ghanavati H.J.R. A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017. Vol. 72, p. 445-464. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.034 Bezergianni S., Dimitriadis A. Comparison between different types of renewable diesel // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013. Vol. 21. P. 110-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.042 Bezergianni S., Dimitriadis A. Comparison between different types of renewable diesel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013. Vol. 21, p. 110-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.042 Смирнова Т.Н., Подгаецкий В.М. Биодизель – альтернативное топливо для дизелей // Двигатель. 2007. № 2. С. 32-34. Smirnova T.N., Podgaetskii V.M. Biodiesel – an alternative fuel for diesels. Dvigatel. 2007. N 2, p. 32-34. Dzhevaga N.V., Borisova D.D. Analysis of Air Monitoring System in Megacity on the Example of St. Petersburg // Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2021. Vol. 22. Iss. 4. P. 175-185. DOI: 10.12911/22998993/134076 Dzhevaga N.V., Borisova D.D. Analysis of Air Monitoring System in Megacity on the Example of St. Petersburg. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2021. Vol. 22. Iss. 4, p. 175-185. DOI: 10.12911/22998993/134076 Nibin T., Sathiyagnanam A., Sivaprakasam S., Saravanan C. Investigation on emission characteristics of a diesel engine using oxygenated fuel additive // Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Part MC, Mechanical Engineering Division. 2005. Vol. 86. P. 51-54. Nibin T., Sathiyagnanam A., Sivaprakasam S., Saravanan C. Investigation on emission characteristics of a diesel engine using oxygenated fuel additive. Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Part MC, Mechanical Engineering Division. 2005. Vol. 86, p. 51-54. Wong K.C., Tan C.H. Volatile constituents of the flowers of Clerodendron fragrans (Vent.) R. Br. // Flavour fragrance journal. 2005. Vol. 20. Iss. 4. P. 429-430. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1457 Wong K.C., Tan C.H. Volatile constituents of the flowers of Clerodendron fragrans (Vent.) R. Br. Flavour fragrance journal. 2005. Vol. 20. Iss. 4, p. 429-430. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1457 Aghbashlo M., Tabatabaei M., Khalife E. et al. Exergoeconomic analysis of a DI diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel (B5) emulsions containing aqueous nano cerium oxide // Energy. 2018. Vol. 149. P. 967-978. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.082 Aghbashlo M., Tabatabaei M., Khalife E. et al. Exergoeconomic analysis of a DI diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel (B5) emulsions containing aqueous nano cerium oxide. Energy. 2018. Vol. 149, p. 967-978. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.082 Fakas S., Papanikolaou S., Galiotou-Panayotou M. et al. Biochemistry and biotechnology of single cell oil // New horizons in Biotechnology. 2009. P. 38-60. Fakas S., Papanikolaou S., Galiotou-Panayotou M. et al. Biochemistry and biotechnology of single cell oil. New horizons in Biotechnology. 2009, p. 38-60. Halim R., Danquah M.K., Webley P.A. Extraction of oil from microalgae for biodiesel production: a review // Biotechnology advances. 2012. Vol. 30. Iss. 3. P. 709-732. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.001 Halim R., Danquah M.K., Webley P.A. Extraction of oil from microalgae for biodiesel production: a review. Biotechnology advances. 2012. Vol. 30. Iss. 3, p. 709-732. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.001 Litvinenko V.S. The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Global Energy Agenda: The Focus on Liquefied Natural Gas Resources 2020 // Resourses. 2020. Vol. 9. Iss. 5. P. 59-81. DOI: 10.3390/resources9050059 Litvinenko V.S. The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Global Energy Agenda: The Focus on Liquefied Natural Gas Resources 2020. Resourses. 2020. Vol. 9. Iss. 5, p. 59-81. DOI: 10.3390/resources9050059 Quispe C.A., Coronado C.J., Carvalho Jr. J.A. Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion // Renewable sustainable energy reviews. 2013. Vol. 27. P. 475-493. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.017 Quispe C.A., Coronado C.J., Carvalho Jr. J.A. Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion. Renewable sustainable energy reviews. 2013. Vol. 27, p. 475-493. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.017 Loizzo M.R., Tundis R., Conforti F. et al. Comparative chemical composition, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus L. berry and wood oils from Lebanon // Food chemistry. 2007. Vol. 105. Iss. 2. P. 572-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.015 Loizzo M.R., Tundis R., Conforti F. et al. Comparative chemical composition, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus L. berry and wood oils from Lebanon. Food chemistry. 2007. Vol. 105. Iss. 2, p. 572-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.015 Ponomarenko T., Nevskaya M., Jonek-Kowalska I. Mineral ResourceDepletion Assessment: Alternatives, Problems, Results // Sustainability. 2021. Vol. 13. Iss. 2. № 862. DOI: 10.3390/su13020862 Ponomarenko T., Nevskaya M., Jonek-Kowalska I. Mineral ResourceDepletion Assessment: Alternatives, Problems, Results. Sustainability. 2021. Vol. 13. Iss. 2. N 862. DOI: 10.3390/su13020862 Gómez-Cuenca F., Gómez-Marín M., Folgueras-Díaz M.B. Effects of ethylene glycol ethers on diesel fuel properties and emissions in a diesel engine // Energy conversion management. 2011. Vol. 52. Iss. 8-9. P. 3027-3033. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.017 Gómez-Cuenca F., Gómez-Marín M., Folgueras-Díaz M.B. Effects of ethylene glycol ethers on diesel fuel properties and emissions in a diesel engine. Energy conversion management. 2011. Vol. 52. Iss. 8-9, p. 3027-3033. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.017 Brady S., Tam K., Leung G., Salam C. Zero waste biodiesel: Using glycerin and biomass to create renewable energy // UCR Undergraduate Research Journal. 2008. Vol. 2 (5). P. 5-11. Brady S., Tam K., Leung G., Salam C. Zero waste biodiesel: Using glycerin and biomass to create renewable energy. UCR Undergraduate Research Journal. 2008. Vol. 2 (5), p. 5-11. De Torres M., Jimenez-Oses G., Mayoral J.A. et al. Glycerol ketals: Synthesis and profits in biodiesel blends // Fuel. 2012. Vol. 94. P. 614-616. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.062 De Torres M., Jimenez-Oses G., Mayoral J.A. et al. Glycerol ketals: Synthesis and profits in biodiesel blends. Fuel. 2012. Vol. 94, p. 614-616. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.062 Strizhenok A.V., Korelskiy D.S. Estimation and reduction of methane emissions at the scheduled and repair outages of gas-compressor units // Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2019. Vol. 20. Iss. 1. P. 46-51. DOI: 10.12911/22998993/93943 Strizhenok A.V., Korelskiy D.S. Estimation and reduction of methane emissions at the scheduled and repair outages of gas-compressor units. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2019. Vol. 20. Iss. 1, p. 46-51. DOI: 10.12911/22998993/93943 Lapuerta M., Rodríguez-Fernández J., García-Contreras R. Effect of a glycerol-derived advanced biofuel–FAGE (fatty acid formal glycerol ester)–on the emissions of a diesel engine tested under the New European Driving Cycle // Energy. 2015. Vol. 93. P. 568-579. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.070 Lapuerta M., Rodríguez-Fernández J., García-Contreras R. Effect of a glycerol-derived advanced biofuel–FAGE (fatty acid formal glycerol ester) – on the emissions of a diesel engine tested under the New European Driving Cycle. Energy. 2015. Vol. 93, p. 568-579. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.070 Mota C.J., da Silva C.X., Rosenbach Jr.N. et al. Glycerin derivatives as fuel additives: the addition of glycerol/acetone ketal (solketal) in gasolines // Energy Fuels. 2010. Vol. 24. Iss. 4. P. 2733-2736. DOI: 10.1021/ef9015735 Mota C.J., da Silva C.X., Rosenbach Jr. N. et al. Glycerin derivatives as fuel additives: the addition of glycerol/acetone ketal (solketal) in gasolines. Energy Fuels. 2010. Vol. 24. Iss. 4, p. 2733-2736. DOI: 10.1021/ef9015735 Saengarun C., Petsom A., Tungasmita D.N. Etherification of glycerol with propylene or 1-butene for fuel additives // The Scientific World Journal. 2017. Vol. 2017. № 4089036. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4089036 Saengarun C., Petsom A., Tungasmita D.N. Etherification of glycerol with propylene or 1-butene for fuel additives. The Scientific World Journal. 2017. Vol. 2017. N 4089036. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4089036 Tóth C., Baladincz P., Hancsók J. Production of bio gas oil containing diesel fuel with upgraded cold flow properties by co-processing // Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2012. Vol. 29. P. 613-618. DOI: 10.3303/CET1229103 Tóth C., Baladincz P., Hancsók J. Production of bio gas oil containing diesel fuel with upgraded cold flow properties by co-processing. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2012. Vol. 29, p. 613-618. DOI: 10.3303/CET1229103 Mohammad M., Hari T.K., Yaakob Z. et al. Overview on the production of paraffin based-biofuels via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013. Vol. 22. P. 121-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.026 Mohammad M., Hari T.K., Yaakob Z. et al. Overview on the production of paraffin based-biofuels via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013. Vol. 22, p. 121-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.026 Dabbagh H., Ghobadi F., Ehsan M.R, Moradmand M. The influence of ester additives on the properties of gasoline // Fuel. 2013. Vol. 104. P. 216-223. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.056 Dabbagh H., Ghobadi F., Ehsan M.R, Moradmand M. The influence of ester additives on the properties of gasoline. Fuel. 2013. Vol. 104, p. 216-223. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.056 Burger J., Siegert M., Ströfer E., Hasse H. Poly (oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers as components of tailored diesel fuel: Properties, synthesis and purification concepts // Fuel. 2010. Vol. 89. Iss. 11. P. 3315-3319. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.05.014 Burger J., Siegert M., Ströfer E., Hasse H. Poly (oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers as components of tailored diesel fuel: Properties, synthesis and purification concepts. Fuel. 2010. Vol. 89. Iss. 11, p. 3315-3319. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.05.014 Митусова Т.Н., Кондрашева Н.К., Лобашова М.М. и др. Влияние диспергирующих присадок и компонентного состава на стабильность судовых высоковязких топлив // Записки Горного института. 2017. Т. 228. С. 722-725. DOI: 10.25515/PMI.2017.6.722 Mitusova T.N., Kondrasheva N.K., Lobashova M.M. et al. Influence of dispersing additives and blend composition on stability of marine high-viscosity fuels. Journal of Mining Institute. 2017. Vol. 228, p. 722-725. DOI: 10.25515/PMI.2017.6.722 Arteconi A., Mazzarini A., Di Nicola G. Emissions from ethers and organic carbonate fuel additives: a review // Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 2011. Vol. 221. P. 405-423. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0804-y Arteconi A., Mazzarini A., Di Nicola G. Emissions from ethers and organic carbonate fuel additives: a review. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 2011. Vol. 221, p. 405-423. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0804-y Sultanbekov R., Nazarova M. The influence of total sediment of petroleum products on the corrosiveness of the metal of the tanks during storage // I International Conference «Corrosion in the Oil and Gas Industry», 22-24 May 2019, Saint Petersburg, Russia. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019. № 01015. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/201912101015 Sultanbekov R., Nazarova M. The influence of total sediment of petroleum products on the corrosiveness of the metal of the tanks during storage. I International Conference “Corrosion in the Oil and Gas Industry”, 22-24 May 2019, Saint Petersburg, Russia. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019. N 01015. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/201912101015 Sultanbekov R., Nazarova М. Determination of compatibility of petroleum products when mixed in tanks // European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 25-29 March 2019, Tyumen, Russia. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. Vol. 2019. P. 1-5. DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201900614 Sultanbekov R., Nazarova М. Determination of compatibility of petroleum products when mixed in tanks. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 25-29 March 2019, Tyumen, Russia. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. Vol. 2019, p. 1-5. DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201900614 Гендлер С.Г., Прохорова Е.А. Оценка совокупного влияния производственного травматизма и профессиональных заболеваний на состояние охраны труда в угольной промышленности // Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень. 2022. № 10-2. С. 105-116. DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2022_102_0_105 Gendler S.G., Prokhorova E.A. Assessment of the cumulative impact of occupational injuries and diseases on the state of labor protection in the coal industry. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2022. N 10-2, р. 105-116 (in Russian). DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2022_102_0_105