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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31897/PMI.2021.5.10</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-15055</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геотехнология и инженерная геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Dissolution kinetics of rare earth metal phosphates  in carbonate solutions of alkali metals</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Кинетика растворения фосфатов редкоземельных металлов растворами карбонатов щелочных металлов</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Litvinova</surname>
            <given-names>Tatyana E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Литвинова</surname>
              <given-names>Т. Е.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Litvinova</surname>
              <given-names>Tatyana E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>viritsa@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0133-3400</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Oleynik</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Олейник</surname>
              <given-names>И. Л.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Oleynik</surname>
              <given-names>Ivan L.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>ivan-jordan-23@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9173-3573</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-16">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>251</volume>
      <fpage>712</fpage>
      <lpage>722</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-06-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-10-18">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2021-12-16">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2021 Т. Е. Литвинова, И. Л. Олейник</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2021 Tatyana E. Litvinova, Ivan L. Oleynik</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Т. Е. Литвинова, И. Л. Олейник</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tatyana E. Litvinova, Ivan L. Oleynik</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15055">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/15055</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>При переработке апатитового сырья образуются крупнотоннажные отходы – фосфогипс. Содержание редкоземельных металлов в таких отходах достигает 1 %, что позволяет рассматривать их в качестве техногенного источника получения редкоземельных металлов и их соединений. В настоящее время отсутствуют как эффективная схема переработки, так и предприятия по переработке отвалов фосфогипса. Рационально использование схемы, в которой предусмотрено извлечение ценных компонентов и сокращение отвалов фосфогипса в целом. Такая схема переработки возможна при карбонатной конверсии фосфогипса на сульфат щелочного металла или аммония и карбонат кальция при условии попутного извлечения соединений редкоземельных металлов (РЗМ). Попутное извлечение соединений РЗМ возможно за счет образования ими прочных и устойчивых комплексы с жесткими основаниями по Пирсону, к которым, в том числе, относят карбонат, фосфат- и сульфат-анионы. Образованию комплексов лантаноидов с неорганическими кислородсодержащими анионами способствует формирование высокоэнергетичных Ln-O связей. Изучено растворение фосфатов лантаноидов в карбонатных средах. Установлено, что образование карбонатных комплексов РЗМ из их фосфатов – самопроизвольный эндотермический процесс, а термодинамическим ограничением растворения является образование карбонатов и гидроксидов лантаноидов. Смещение равновесия в сторону образования карбонатных комплексов достигается при увеличении температуры до 90-100 °С и избытке карбоната. Лимитирующей стадией процесса растворения фосфатов РЗМ в карбонатных средах является внешняя диффузия. На это указывает увеличение скорости процесса при росте интенсивности перемешивания, протекание процесса по первому порядку и величина энергии активации растворения фосфата от 27 до 60 кДж/моль. Совокупность физико-химических показателей процесса позволила сформировать техническое решение попутного извлечения РЗМ при карбонатной конверсии фосфогипса, включающее конверсию фосфогипса при температуре 90-110 °С раствором карбоната щелочного металла или аммония концентрацией 2-3 моль/л в течение 4-5 ч. В результате получают раствор с сульфатом щелочного металла (аммония), содержащим РЗМ в форме карбонатных комплексов и карбонат кальция. Степень извлечения РЗМ в раствор достигает не менее 93 %. Редкоземельные металлы отделяют от маточного раствора осаждением или сорбцией на анионообменных смолах, а избыток карбоната щелочного металла или аммония возвращают на начало процесса.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Treatment of apatite raw materials is associated with the formation of large-tonnage waste – phosphogypsum. The content of rare earth metals in such waste reaches 1 %, which makes it possible to consider it a technogenic source for obtaining rare earth metals and their compounds. Up to the present moment, there are neither processing plants, nor an efficient process flow to handle phosphogypsum dumps. It is rational to use a way that involves extraction of valuable components and overall reduction of phosphogypsum dumps. Such process flow is available with carbonate conversion of phosphogypsum to alkali metal or ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate upon the condition of associated extraction of rare earth metal (REM) compounds. Associated extraction of REM compounds becomes possible since they form strong and stable complexes with hard bases according to Pearson, which among other things include carbonate, phosphate and sulfate anions. Formation of lanthanide complexes with inorganic oxygen-containing anions is facilitated by the formation of high-energy Ln-O bonds. The study focuses on the dissolution of lanthanide phosphates in carbonate media. It was established that formation of REM carbonate complexes from their phosphates is a spontaneous endothermic process and that formation of lanthanide carbonates and hydroxides serves as thermodynamic limitation of dissolution. A shift in equilibrium towards the formation of carbonate complexes is achieved by increasing the temperature to 90-100 °C and providing an excess of carbonate. The limiting stage of REM phosphate dissolution in carbonate media is external diffusion. This is indicated by increasing rate of the process with an intensification of stirring, first order of the reaction and the value of activation energy for phosphate dissolution from 27 to 60 kJ/mol. A combination of physical and chemical parameters of the process allowed to develop an engineering solution for associated REM extraction during carbonate conversion of phosphogypsum, which included a 4-5 h conversion of phosphogypsum at temperature of 90-110 °C by an alkali metal or ammonium carbonate solution with a concentration of 2-3 mol/l. As a result, a solution with alkali metal (ammonium) sulfate is obtained, which contains REMs in the form of carbonate complexes and calcium carbonate. The rate of REM extraction into the solution reaches no less than 93 %. Rare earth metals are separated from the mother liquor by precipitation or sorption on anion exchange resins, while the excess of alkali metal or ammonium carbonate is returned to the start of the process.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>редкоземельные металлы</kwd>
        <kwd>техногенное сырьё</kwd>
        <kwd>фосфогипс</kwd>
        <kwd>карбонизация</kwd>
        <kwd>карбонатные комплексы</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>rare earth metals</kwd>
        <kwd>technogenic raw materials</kwd>
        <kwd>phosphogypsum</kwd>
        <kwd>carbonization</kwd>
        <kwd>carbonate complexes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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