2411-3336 2541-9404 Записки Горного института Journal of Mining Institute Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University 10.31897/PMI.2022.14 pmi-14944 https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/14944 Геотехнология и инженерная геология Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology On the possibility of reducing man-made burden on benthic biotic communities when mining solid minerals using technical means of various designs О возможности уменьшения техногенной нагрузки на придонные биоценозы при добыче твердых полезных ископаемых с использованием технических средств различной модификации Sudarikov Sergei M. Судариков С. М. Sudarikov Sergei M. sudarikov_sm@pers.spmi.ru 0000-0002-3692-5692 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia) Yungmeister Dmitrii A. Юнгмейстер Д. А. Yungmeister Dmitrii A. Yungmeyster_DA@pers.spmi.ru 0000-0001-7858-8340 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia) Korolev Roman I. Королев Р. И. Korolev Roman I. S185052@stud.spmi.ru 0000-0001-5247-9453 Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia) Petrov Vladimir A. Петров В. А. Petrov Vladimir A. s205014@stud.spmi.ru 0000-0003-3962-7348 Санкт-Петербургский Горный университет (Россия) Saint Petersburg Mining University (Russia) 29 04 2022 2022 253 82 96 19 05 2021 07 04 2022 29 04 2022 © Sergei M. Sudarikov, Dmitrii A. Yungmeister, Roman I. Korolev, Vladimir A. Petrov 2022 С. М. Судариков, Д. А. Юнгмейстер, Р. И. Королев, В. А. Петров Sergei M. Sudarikov, Dmitrii A. Yungmeister, Roman I. Korolev, Vladimir A. Petrov CC BY 4.0 https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/14944

Проанализированы особенности видового состава и разнообразия сообществ живых организмов в пределах рудных полей железомарганцевых конкреций (поле Кларион-Клиппертон), кобальт-марганцевых корок (подводные Магеллановы горы) и глубоководных полиметаллических сульфидов (Ашадзе-1, Ашадзе-2, поля Логачев и Краснов) в Российских разведочных районах Тихого и Атлантического океанов. Рассмотрены перспективы освоения твердых полезных ископаемых Мирового океана с возможно меньшим ущербом для морских экосистем: образование шлейфов осадочного материала и замутнение значительных объемов воды в результате операций сбора полезного ископаемого; сохранность гидротермальной фауны и микробиоты, в том числе в зоне влияния высокотемпературных гидротермальных источников. Рассмотрены различные концепции и варианты компоновки устройств глубоководных добычных комплексов (Индийская и Японская концепции, концепции компании Nautilus Minerals и СПГУ) на предмет их эффективности работы. Выделены основные типы механизмов, из которых состоят комплексы с выставлением оценок на основании установленных приоритетов: экология (воздействие на придонную среду); затраты на их изготовление и эксплуатацию; удельные энергозатраты (технико-экономические показатели). На основании представленного морфологического анализа обоснована компоновка глубоководного сборщика полезных ископаемых (устройства с камерами разряжения и механизмом шагания на рукоятях), выбранного по ключевому приоритету «экология». Проведены предварительные экспериментальные исследования физико-механических свойств образцов кобальт-марганцевых корок методом наложения двухстороннего осевого усилия сферическими шариками (инденторами) с построением паспорта прочности породы для оценки дальнейших результатов экспериментальных исследований. Проведены экспериментальные исследования разрушения кобальт-марганцевых корок ударом и резанием с выделением требуемой ударной нагрузки и осевого усилия резания для реализации схемы сбора исполнительным органом грейферного типа со встроенным ударником.

The paper analyses features of the species composition and diversity of biotic communities living within the ferromanganese nodule fields (the Clarion-Clipperton field), cobalt-manganese crusts (the Magellan Seamounts) and deep-sea polymetallic sulphides (the Ashadze-1, Ashadze-2, Logatchev and Krasnov fields) in the Russian exploration areas of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Prospects of mining solid minerals of the world’s oceans with the least possible damage to the marine ecosystems are considered that cover formation of the sediment plumes and roiling of significant volumes of water as a result of collecting the minerals as well as conservation of the hydrothermal fauna and microbiota, including in the impact zone of high temperature hydrothermal vents. Different concepts and layout options for deep-water mining complexes (the Indian and Japanese concepts as well as those of the Nautilus Minerals and Saint Petersburg Mining University) are examined with respect to their operational efficiency. The main types of mechanisms that are part of the complexes are identified and assessed based on the defined priorities that include the ecological aspect, i.e. the impact on the seabed environment; manufacturing and operating costs; and specific energy consumption, i.e. the technical and economic indicators. The presented morphological analysis gave grounds to justify the layout of a deep-sea minerals collecting unit, i.e. a device with suction chambers and a grip arm walking gear, selected based on the environmental key priority. Pilot experimental studies of physical and mechanical properties of cobalt-manganese crust samples were performed through application of bilateral axial force using spherical balls (indenters) and producing a rock strength passport to assess further results of the experimental studies. Experimental destructive tests of the cobalt-manganese crust by impact and cutting were carried out to determine the impact load and axial cutting force required for implementation of the collecting system that uses a clamshell-type effector with a built-in impactor.

 Ключевые слова кобальт-марганцевые корки железомарганцевые конкреции глубоководные полиметаллические сульфиды морские экосистемы освоение минеральных ресурсов океана глубоководный сборщик грейферный исполнительный орган камеры разрежения концепция глубоководной добычи параметрический анализ Keywords cobalt-manganese crust ferromanganese nodules deep-sea polymetallic sulphides marine ecosystems mining of ocean mineral resources deep-sea collecting unit clamshell-type effector suction chambers deep-sea mining concept parametric analysis Судариков С.М., Змиевский М.В. Геохимия рудообразующих гидротермальных флюидов Мирового океана // Записки Горного института. 2015. Т. 215. С. 5-15. Sudarikov C.M., Zmievskii M.V. Geochemistry of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids of the world ocean. Journal of Mining Institute. 2015. Vol. 215, p. 5-15 (in Russian). Судариков С.М. Моделирование геохимических процессов в зоне субмаринной разгрузки гидротермальных растворов // Записки Горного института. 2017. 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