<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31897/PMI.2021.2.3</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-13461</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13461</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Геология</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Geology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Crystal morphology of spherical viruses</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Кристалломорфология сферических вирусов</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Voytekhovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Yury L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Войтеховский</surname>
              <given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Voytekhovsky</surname>
              <given-names>Yury L.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>Voytekhovskiy_YuL@pers.spmi.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5380-9191</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Mining University (Saint Petersburg, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-24">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>248</volume>
      <fpage>190</fpage>
      <lpage>194</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-11">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-30">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2021-06-24">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© Yury L. Voytekhovsky</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ю. Л. Войтеховский</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yury L. Voytekhovsky</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13461">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13461</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>В статье рассмотрены современные взгляды на строение капсидов сферических вирусов, которые представляют собой икосаэдры (икосаэдрические вирусы). Каждая грань икосаэдра сложена однослойной плотнейшей упаковкой белковых глобул, которая может быть различно ориентирована относительно ребер икосаэдра. Если линии глобул расположены параллельно ребрам икосаэдра, то капсид имеет точечную группу симметрии Ih (с плоскостями симметрии), если не параллельны – группу симметрии I (без плоскостей). С математической точки зрения в обеих группах симметрии имеются серии, объединяющие одинаково (с точностью до подобия) устроенные капсиды. Они связаны попарно переходами к дуальным формам (гомологической серии). Сформулирована гипотеза о том, что у наиболее крупных сферических вирусов строение капсидов может быть еще разнообразнее и сложнее. Наряду с икосаэдром их базовыми формами могут быть любые простые формы, разрешенные в группах симметрии Ih и I (всего 8). Сделано предположение, что переходы в сериях подобия и между гомологическими сериями имеют филогенетическое значение. Известны сферические вирусы обеих групп симметрии. Например, коронавирус SARS-CoV-2 имеет группу симметрии Ih и принадлежит к хорошо известной серии. Кристаллографический подход позволяет построить строгую морфологическую классификацию сферических вирусов. Это важно для их раннего распознавания и раздельного исследования. Статья демонстрирует практическое применение кристалломорфологии в изучении вирусных систем – актуальной проблеме геоэкологии и охраны жизнедеятельности.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The article discusses modern views on the structure of spherical virus capsids, which have the shape of icosahedrons (icosahedral viruses). Each face of icosahedron is composed of a single-layer closest packing of protein globules, which can have different orientation relative to the edges of icosahedron. If the lines of globules are parallel to the edges of icosahedron, then the capsid has a point symmetry group Ih (with symmetry planes), if they are not parallel – the symmetry group I (without planes). From a mathematical point of view, in both symmetry groups there are series that unite equally (up to similarity) arranged capsids. They are connected pairwise by transitions to dual forms (homologous series). A hypothesis is formulated that the largest spherical viruses can have even more diverse and complex capsid structures. Along with icosahedron, their basic forms can be any simple shapes, allowed in Ih and I symmetry groups (8 in total). A suggestion is made that transitions within similarity series and between homologous series have a phylogenetic significance. There are known spherical viruses of both symmetry groups. For example, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a symmetry group Ih and belongs to a well-known series. The crystallographic approach allows to construct a strict morphological classification of spherical viruses. This is important for their early recognition and separate examination. The article demonstrates practical application of crystal morphology in the study of viral systems – an urgent problem of geoecology and life protection.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>сферические (икосаэдрические) вирусы</kwd>
        <kwd>морфология капсида</kwd>
        <kwd>белковые глобулы</kwd>
        <kwd>однослойная плотней-шая шаровая упаковка</kwd>
        <kwd>гомологические серии</kwd>
        <kwd>точечные группы симметрии Ih и I</kwd>
        <kwd>классификация и фило-гения сферических вирусов</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>spherical (icosahedral) viruses</kwd>
        <kwd>capsid morphology</kwd>
        <kwd>protein globules</kwd>
        <kwd>single-layer closest packing of spheres</kwd>
        <kwd>homologous series</kwd>
        <kwd>point symmetry groups Ih and I</kwd>
        <kwd>classification and phylogeny of spherical viruses</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atabekov I.G. The Use of Viral Structures as Nanotechnology Tools. Rossiiskie nanotekhnologii. 2008. Vol. 3. N 1-2, p. 132-141 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voytekhovsky Yu.L. From teaching experience. III. Crystallography of icosahedral viruses. Vestnik of Geosciences. 2020. N 4, p. 40-44. DOI: 10.19110/geov.2020.4.6 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gnutova R.V. Modern trends in taxonomy and nomenclature of viruses. Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2011. Vol. 131. N 6, p. 563-577 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deffeis K., Deffeis S. Amazing Nanostructures. Moscow: Binom. Laboratoriya znanii, 2011, p. 206 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dolivo-Dobrovolskii V.V. A Study of Dodecahedral-Icosahedral System. Zapiski Rossiiskogo mineralogicheskogo obshchestva. 1924. N 1, p. 169-181 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhdanov V.M., Lvov D.K., Zaberezhny A.D. The place of viruses in the biosphere. Problems of Virology. 2012. N 1, p. 21-32 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostyuchenko V.A., Mesyanzhinov V.V. Architecture of Spherical Viruses. Uspekhi biologicheskoi khimii. 2002. Vol. 42, p. 177-192 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urusov V.S. Symmetry and Dissymmetry in the Evolution of the World: Monograph. Moscow: Librokom, 2013, p. 266 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedorov E.S. Practical Course on the Main Branches of Crystallography. Petrograd: Ekonomicheskaya tipo-litografiya, 1915, p. 20 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chuprunov E.V. Symmetry and Pseudo-Symmetry of Crystals. Nizhnii Novgorod: Izdatelstvo Nizhegorodskogo gosuniversiteta, 2015, p. 658 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao C., Chipman P.R., Battisti A.J. et al. Cryo-electron microscopy of the giant Mimivirus. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2005. Vol. 353. Iss. 3, p. 493-496. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.060</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forterre P., Gaïa M. Giant viruses and the origin of modern eukaryotes. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2016. Vol. 31, p. 44-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.02.001</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Claverie J., Ogata H., Audic S. et al. Mimivirus and the emerging concept of the “giant” virus. Virus Research. 2006. Vol. 117. Iss. 1, p. 133-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.008</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raoult D., LaScola B., Birtles R. The discovery and characterization of Mimivirus, the largest known virus and puta-tive pneumonia agent. Clinic Infection Diseases. 2007. Vol. 45. Iss. 1, p. 95-102. DOI: 10.1086/518608</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rux J., Kuser P., Burnett R. Structural and phylogenetic analysis of Adenovirus hexons by use of high-resolution X-ray crystallographic, molecular modeling, and sequence-based methods. Journal of Virology. 2003. Vol. 77. Iss. 17, p. 9553-9566. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.17.9553-9566.2003</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simpson A.A., Nandhagopal N., Van Etten J.L., Rossmann M.G. Structural analyses of Phycodnaviridae and Iri-doviridae. Acta Crystallographica. 2003. Vol. D59. Iss. 12, p. 2053-2059.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Etten J.L. Giant viruses. American Scientist. 2011. Vol. 99. Iss. 4, p. 304-311. DOI: 10.1511/2011.91.304</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
