<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31897/pmi.2019.5.510</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-13234</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13234</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Горное дело</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Mining</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Salt Rock Deformation under Bulk Multiple-Stage Loading</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Деформирование соляных пород при объемном многоступенчатом нагружении</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Pankov</surname>
            <given-names>I. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Паньков</surname>
              <given-names>И. Л.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Pankov</surname>
              <given-names>I. L.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>ivpan@mi-perm.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Горный институт Уральского отделения РАН (Пермь, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Mining Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Perm, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Morozov</surname>
            <given-names>I. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Морозов</surname>
              <given-names>И. А.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Morozov</surname>
              <given-names>I. A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>imorozov.work@yandex.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6513-1293</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет (Пермь, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Perm, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2019-10-23">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>239</volume>
      <fpage>510</fpage>
      <lpage>519</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-04-30">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-07-16">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2019-10-23">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© I. L. Pankov, I. A. Morozov</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">И. Л. Паньков, И. А. Морозов</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">I. L. Pankov, I. A. Morozov</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13234">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13234</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Представлено экспериментальное обоснование возможности применения метода объемного многоступенчатого нагружения для исследования процесса деформирования соляных пород в лабораторных условиях. Приведены результаты сопоставительных исследований объемного многоступенчатого и одноступенчатого нагружения образцов соляных пород. Представлены результаты исследования влияния уровня бокового давления на значения предела прочности и предела остаточной прочности сильвинита, определенные одноступенчатым и многоступенчатым методами. Представлены результаты исследования влияния уровня бокового давления на предел дилатансии каменной соли. Проанализировано влияния метода нагружения на значения параметров паспорта прочности Кулона – Мора сильвинита. Проанализировано изменение модуля упругости в процессе деформирования соляных пород в зависимости от уровня боковогодавления. Показано, что метод многоступенчатого нагружения адекватно отражает процессы деформирования и разрушения соляных пород и позволяет не только уменьшить влияние неоднородностей внутреннего строения образцов на результаты экспериментальных данных, но также существенно снизить необходимый объем породного материала.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The paper presents experimental justification of the possibility to use bulk multiple-stage loading to study the process of salt rock deformation in the laboratory conditions. Results of comparative tests between bulk multiple- stage and single-stage loading of salt rock samples are demonstrated. The paper contains results of research on the rate of lateral pressure and its impact on strength limit and residual strength limit of sylvinite, estimated using single- stage and multiple-stage methods. Research results demonstrate how the rate of lateral pressure impacts dilatancy boundary of salt rocks. Analysis of how the loading method influences certificate parameters of Mohr-Coulomb strength of sylvinite has been carried out. The dynamics of elastic modulus in the process of salt rock deformation is analyzed depending on the rate of lateralpressure. It is demonstrated how the method of multiple-stage loading adequately reflects the processes of salt rock de- formation and decomposition, and facilitates not only lowering impact of sample’s inner structure heterogeneities on the experimental results, but also significant reduction in the required amount of rock material.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>соляные породы</kwd>
        <kwd>объемное нагружение</kwd>
        <kwd>многоступенчатый метод</kwd>
        <kwd>модуль упругости</kwd>
        <kwd>предел прочности</kwd>
        <kwd>остаточная прочность</kwd>
        <kwd>предел дилатансии</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>salt rocks</kwd>
        <kwd>bulk loading</kwd>
        <kwd>multiple-stage method</kwd>
        <kwd>elasticity model</kwd>
        <kwd>strength limit</kwd>
        <kwd>residual strength</kwd>
        <kwd>dilatancy boundary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baryakh A.A., Konstantinova S.A., Asanov V.A. Deformation of Salt Rocks. Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 1996, p. 203 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baryakh A.A., Asanov V.A., Pan'kov I.L. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Salt Rocks at Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit. Perm': Izd-vo Perm. gos. tekhn. un-ta, 2008, p. 199 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GOST 21153.8-88. Mineral Rocks. Method of Strength Limit Estimation under Bulk Compression. Мoscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po standartam, 1988, p. 17 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laptev B.V. Emergency Situations at Upper Kama Deposit of Potash-Magnesium Salts. Bezopasnost' truda v promyshlennosti. 2009. N 8, p. 28-31 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laptev B.V. Historiography of Accidents in the Process of Salt Deposit Development. Bezopasnost' truda v promyshlennosti. 2011. N 12, p. 41-46 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morozov I.A. Estimation of Salt Rocks Strength Characteristics by the Results of Bulk Multiple-Stage Loading. Strategiya i protsessy osvoeniya georesursov. 2017. N 15, p. 142-145 (in Russian).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alkan H., Cinar Y., Pusch G. Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2007. Vol. 44. N 1, p. 108-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.05.003</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amann F., Kaiser P., Button E.A. Experimental Study of Brittle Behavior of Clay Shale in Rapid Triaxial Compression. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2012. Vol. 45. N 1, p.21-23. DOI: 10.1007/s00603-011-0195-9</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ASTM D7012-14e1. Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength and Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under Varying States of Stress and Temperatures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2014, p. 9. DOI: 10.1520/D7012-14E01</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baryakh A.A., Lobanov S.Y., Lomakin I.S.Analysis of time-to-time variation of load on interchamber pillars in mines of the Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit. Journal of Mining Science. 2015. Vol. 51. N 4, p.696-706. DOI: 10.1134/S1062739115040064</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baryakh A.A., Samodelkina N.A. Geomechanical Estimation of Deformation Intensity above the Flooded Potash Mine. Journal of Mining Science. 2018. Vol.53. N 4, p. 630-642. DOI: 10.1134/S106273911705303X</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baryakh A.A., Devyatkov S.Yu., Samodelkina N.A. Theoretical explanation of conditions for sinkholes after emergency flooding of potash mines. Journal of Mining Science. 2016. Vol. 52. N 1, p. 36-45. DOI: 10.1134/S1062739116010101</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H.Q., Tannant D.D., Jing H.W., Nunoo S., Niu S.J., Wang S.Y. Evolution of cohesion and friction angle during microfracture accumulation in rock. Nat Hazards. 2015. Vol. 77, p. 497-510. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-1592-2</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira S.M. Reis, Gomes Correia A., Roque A.J. Strength of Non-Traditional Granular Materials Assessed from Drained Multistage Triaxial Tests. Procedia Engineering. 2016. Vol. 143, p. 67-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.009</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jihoon Wang, Woodong Jung, Yawei Li, Ahmad Ghassemi. Geomechanical characterization of Newberry Tuff. Geother- mics. 2016. Vol. 63, p. 74-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.01.016</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovári K., Tisa A. Multiple Failure State and Strain Controlled Triaxial Tests. Rock Mechanics. 1975. Vol. 7. N 1, p. 17- 33. DOI: 10.1007/BF01239232</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinenko V. Advancement of geomechanics and geodynamics at the mineral ore mining and underground space devel- opment. Geomechanics and Geodynamics of Rock Masses: Proceedings of the 2018 European Rock Mechanics Symposium. EUROCK 2018 (Saint-Petersburg, 22-26 May 2018). London: Taylor and Francis Group. 2018. Vol. 1, p. 3-16.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erling Fjar, Holt R.M., Raaen A.M., Risnes R., Horsrud P. Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics. Vol. 53. 2nd Edition. El- sevier Science. 2008, p. 514.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheng-Qi Yang. Strength and deformation behavior of red sandstone under multi-stage triaxial compression. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 2012. Vol. 49. N 6, p. 694-709. DOI: 10.1139/t2012-035</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silberschmidt V.G., Silberschmidt V.V. Analysis of Cracking in Rock Salt. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2000. Vol. 33. N 1, p. 53-70. DOI: 10.1007/s006030050004</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taheri A., Sasaki Y., Tatsuoka F., Watanabe K. Strength and deformation characteristics of cement-mixed gravelly soil in multiple-step triaxial compression. Soils and Foundations. 2012. Vol. 52. N 1, p. 126-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.sandf.2012.01.015</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taheri A., Tani K. Use of down-hole triaxial apparatus to estimate the mechanical properties of heterogeneous mudstone. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2008. Vol. 45. N 8, p. 1390-1402. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.01.017</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vergara M.R., Kudella P., Triantafyllidis T. Large Scale Tests on Jointed and Bedded Rocks Under Multi-Stage Triaxial Compression and Direct Shear. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2015. Vol. 48. N 1, p. 75-92. DOI: 10.1007/s00603-013-0541-1</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villamor Lora R., Ghazanfari E., Asanza Izquierdo E. Geomechanical Characterization of Marcellus Shale. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2016. Vol. 49. N 9, p. 3403-3424. DOI: 10.1007/s00603-016-0955-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heejung Youn, Fulvio Tonon. Multi-stage triaxial test on brittle rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics &amp; Mining Sciences. 2010. Vol. 47. N 4, p. 678-684. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.12.017</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
