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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2411-3336</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2541-9404</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Записки Горного института</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Mining Institute</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины ΙΙ</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31897/pmi.2019.4.376</article-id>
      <article-id custom-type="pmi" pub-id-type="custom">pmi-13210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13210</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Горное дело</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Mining</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Estimation Method for Vector Field Divergence of Earth Crust Deformations in the Process of Mineral Deposits Development</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Метод оценки дивергенции векторных полей деформаций земной поверхности при разработке месторождений полезных ископаемых</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Mazurov</surname>
            <given-names>B. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мазуров</surname>
              <given-names>Б. Т.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Mazurov</surname>
              <given-names>B. T.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>btmazurov@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный университет геосистем и технологий (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Mustafin</surname>
            <given-names>M. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мустафин</surname>
              <given-names>М. Г.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Mustafin</surname>
              <given-names>M. G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>mustafin_m@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский горный университет (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg Mining University (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Panzhin</surname>
            <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Панжин</surname>
              <given-names>А. А.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Panzhin</surname>
              <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>panzhin@igduran.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт горного дела Уральского отделения РАН (Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Mining of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2019-08-23">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>238</volume>
      <fpage>376</fpage>
      <lpage>382</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-03-11">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-05-06">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2019-08-23">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2019 Б. Т. Мазуров, М. Г. Мустафин, А. А. Панжин</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2019 B. T. Mazurov, M. G. Mustafin, A. A. Panzhin</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Б. Т. Мазуров, М. Г. Мустафин, А. А. Панжин</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">B. T. Mazurov, M. G. Mustafin, A. A. Panzhin</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="ru">
          <license-p>Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13210">https://pmi.spmi.ru/pmi/article/view/13210</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Для эффективной и безопасной разработки месторождений необходимо хорошее геомеханическое обеспечение. Сегодня широко применяют программные комплексы на основе метода конечных элементов для оценки напряженно-деформированного состояния массива горных пород. Для их качественного использования необходимо знание граничных условий и интегральных механических характеристик пород. С этой целью в горном деле всегда применяли натурные наблюдения. Основным источником данных об исходном и техногенном измененном напряженно-деформированном состоянии массива горных пород являются натурные измерения параметров процесса сдвижения. Изменения маркшейдерско-геодезических данных (координат, высот, направлений) за время между циклами измерений позволяют отобразить поле векторов смещения определяемых пунктов. Векторы смещений в совокупности дают представление о фактической картине напряженно-деформированного состояния земной поверхности. На этой основе можно вычислить тензоры деформации на исследуемом участке, направления и размеры сжатий и растяжений, сдвиговые компоненты. Однако есть дифференциальные характеристики любых физических векторных полей – ротор и дивергенция. Дивергенция представляет собой одно число (скаляр), относящееся к определенной точке. Векторное поле в целом может быть описано скалярным полем дивергенции. Дивергенция отражает знак изменения объема в бесконечно малом объеме среды и изменение величины векторов в непосредственной близости от рассматриваемой точки для всех направлений. В статье предлагается метод вычисления дивергенции по дискретным геодезическим наблюдениям смещений только на поверхности изучаемой территории. Для этого необходимо составить формулы, моделирующие поле векторов для любой точки поверхности. Предложено использовать степенные полиномы, описывающие смещения по трем направлениям (x, y, z). По этим формулам можно вычислять векторы поля в любом месте поверхности, значит, формировать векторные трубки. Для них будут далее определяться площади входных и выходных сечений и значения дивергенции. Тем самым повышается качество оценки геодинамического состояния рассматриваемой территории, что позволит более точно выполнять моделирование нарушенного выработками массива горных пород с применением современных программных комплексов.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>An essential requirement for effective and safe deposit development is good geomechanical software. Nowadays software packages based on finite element method are used extensively to estimate stress-strain state of the rock mass. Their quality use can only be assured if boundary conditions and integral mechanical properties of the rock mass are known. In mining engineering this objective has always been achieved by means of experimental observations. The main source of information on initial and man-induced stress-strain state of the rock mass is natural measurement of displacement characteristics. Measurement of geodetic data (coordinates, heights, directions) in the period between alteration cycles allows to plot a field of displacement vectors for the points in question. Taken together, displacement vectors provide information on the objective stress-strain state of the Earth crust. Basing on it, strain tensors, displacement components, directions and rates of compression and tension can be calculated in the examined area. However, differential characteristics of any physical vector field – namely, curl and divergence – need to be taken into account. Divergence is a single value (scalar) associated with a single point. Vector field as a whole can be described with divergence scalar field. Divergence indicates the sign (positive or negative) of volume changes in the infinitesimal region of space and characterizes vector flux in the nearest proximity and in all directions from a given point. In the paper authors propose a method to estimate divergence using discrete geodetic observations of displacement occurring on the surface of examined territory. It requires construction of formulas that model vector field for any point of the area. It is proposed to use power polynomials that describe displacement in three directions (x, y, z). These formulas allow to estimate field vectors in any given point, i.e. to form vector tubes. Then areas of input and output cross-section, as well as divergence values are calculated. This increases the quality of geodetic observation and provides opportunities for more precise modeling of the rock mass disrupted by mining operations, using modern software packages.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>маркшейдерско-геодезические  данные</kwd>
        <kwd>техногенный  массив  пород</kwd>
        <kwd>напряженно-деформированное состояние</kwd>
        <kwd>векторное поле</kwd>
        <kwd>дивергенция</kwd>
        <kwd>векторные трубки</kwd>
        <kwd>полиномиальные модели</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>geodeticdata</kwd>
        <kwd>man-maderockmass</kwd>
        <kwd>stress-strainstate</kwd>
        <kwd>vectorfield</kwd>
        <kwd>divergence</kwd>
        <kwd>vectortubes</kwd>
        <kwd>polynomialmodels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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