Geological structure of the northern part of the Kara Shelf near the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago according to recent studies

Until recently, the North of the Kara Shelf was completely unexplored by seismic methods. Seismic and seismo-acoustic data that have appeared in recent years have made it possible to decipher features of the regional geological structure. This study solves the urgent problem of determining the prospects for the oil and gas potential of the North Kara sedimentary basin. The relevance of the research is associated with determining the prospects of the oil and gas potential of the North Kara sedimentary basin. The aim of the study is to clarify the age of the reflecting horizons using data on the geology of the island, as well as to determine the tectonic position of the sedimentary cover and basement structures in the north of the Kara shelf. The sedimentary cover is divided into three structural levels: Cambrian (?)-Devonian, Middle Carboniferous (?)-Cretaceous, Miocene (?)-Quarter. The Cambrian-Devonian complex fills the deep troughs of the North Kara shelf. The most noticeable discontinuity is the base of Carboniferous (?)-Permian rocks, lying on the eroded surface of folded Silurian-Devonian seismic complexes. The blanket-like plate part of the cover is composed of thin Carbon-Quarter complexes. The authors came to the conclusion that the fold structures of the Taimyr-Severozemelskiy fold belt gradually degenerate towards the Kara sedimentary basin and towards the continental slope of the Eurasian basin of the Arctic Ocean. A chain of narrow uplifts within the seabed relief, which correspond to narrow anticlines is traced to the West of the Severnaya Zemlya islands. Paleozoic rocks have subhorizontal bedding further to the West, within the Kara shelf. Mesozoic folding in the North of the Kara Sea is expressed exclusively in a weak activation of movements along faults. At the neotectonic stage, the shelf near Severnaya Zemlya was raised and the Mesozoic complexes were eroded. The modern seismic activity of the North Zemlya shelf is associated with the ongoing formation of the continental margin.


Introduction.
In geotectonic terms, the Northern part of the Kara shelf is an area where continental and oceanic structures of different orders meet. The area is rather poorly studied due to its significant ice coverage, which has noticeably decreased in recent years, it finally allowed to carry out seismic reflection surveys, as well as seismo-acoustic profiling. Prior to seismic work, knowledge about the geology of the north of the Kara shelf was based solely on the results of interpretation of the potential fields.
Back in 1932 N.N.Urvantsev suggested that Severnaya Zemlya was a part of a thick folded arc, probably of post-Permian age. According to the 1:1 000 000 scale geological mapping, the structures of Severnaya Zemlya were interpreted as the result of a long-term development of the geosyncline, with the central zone located within the Bolshevik island formed in the Proterozoic time, and the northern part (the October Revolution and Komsomolets islands) completed its development in the Caledonian cycle of tectogenesis. The surveyors who mapped the southern part of Severnaya Zemlya in 2008-2009 came to the same conclusion [1]. According to B.Kh.Egiazarov, the archipelago has been developing in platform environments since the Ordovician. "Post-Devonian structures of an intermediate type" were formed in the Hercynian time within the western part of the archipelago (B.Kh.Egiazarov, 1959). According to Yu.E.Pogrebitsky, starting from the Late Riphean, the regions of Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya were developing in platform environments and did not experience Caledonian folding. Pogrebitsky suggests that activation stage began in the middle of the Carboniferous and lasted in the Late Paleozoic and Triassic periods.
Based on the materials of the 1: 200 000 scale sedimentary cover mapping of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, three structural levels were distinguished, the boundaries between which were established according to angular and stratigraphic unconformities: lower -Upper Protero-zoic to Upper Devonian, middle -Middle Carboniferous to Upper Permian, and upper -Neogene to Quaternary.
The aim of the study is to generalize geological and geophysical data and interpret the seismo-acoustic materials obtained by the authors to clarify the structural features and geological evolution of the North Kara region. The results of the study were used by the authors to compile and prepare for publication a sheet of the State Geological Map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1: 1 000 000 U-45, 46, 47, 48 (Komsomolets Island). The practical relevance of the research consists in the development of a tectonic basis for assessing the prospects for the regional oil and gas potential.
Materials and methods of research. In this study, we used materials from geological surveys of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, as well as new geophysical data on the adjacent Kara Sea shelf (Fig.1). The study is based on the results of regional survey realized by CDP seismic reflection method by JSC Sevmorneftegenofizika (2005, 2007 and 2008) [8] and JSC Marine Arctic Geological Expedition (2016) [14]. In addition to these works, in the North of the Kara shelf, Regional CDP seismic reflection profiling was carried out under the "Geology Without Borders" project. 100 150 km 0 used to correlate shelf geophysical and terrestrial geological data. The authors of the article took part in the field studies in 2008-2009 and 2017, in particular in seismoacoustic profiling and interpretation of the obtained data. Continuous seismo-acoustic profiling was carried out using a sparker with a power not exceeding 2.5 kJ. A single-channel receiver and an intermediate frequency range of 250-1000 Hz were used during the profiling operations. The deep structure of this area was deciphered according to the deep seismic sounding data along the 3-AR and 4-AR profiles [7,11], as well as potential fields data.
Results. The basis of the geological structure model was the scheme of sedimentary section subdivision, adopted for the seismic works carried out in the North of the Kara shelf by JSC Sevmorneftegeofizika and JSC Marine Arctic Geological Expedition. The reflecting seismic horizons were tied to by the well on Sverdrup Island, as well as to the coastal sections of Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya [10]. The thickness of the sedimentary cover within the northern part of the Kara Sea varies from 0.3 to 5.5 sec (0.25-8 km).
On the CDP seismic reflection profiles the regional seismic horizons are traced, which divide the sedimentary cover into seven seismic stratigraphic complexes from the acoustic basement to the seabed [14]. The lowest reflector is the acoustic basement surface, which appears to be the top of the Archean-Proterozoic crystalline basement. The folded basement dating of the Severnaya Zemlya islands varies in following range: there are blocks of Baikalian stabilization, areas of Caledonian folding, as well as blocks affected by either the Hercynian folding or final stage of the Caledonian one [12, 15,16]. In contrast to the Bolshevik and the October Revolution islands, on the northern islands of the archipelago, the degree of Paleozoic rocks deformation is noticeably less. In the northern and western directions, towards the Eurasian basin and the North Kara sedimentary basin, folded structures gradually flatten out and pass into cover bedding, which can be seen on seismic profiles (Fig.2).
Downwarping and depressions in the basement are filled with the Cambrian-Silurian complex with clinoform structure in general. By analogy with units of the same age cropping out on Severnaya Zemlya, the complex is represented by limestones, dolomites, less often -siltstones, argillite, and sandstones. Gypsum and salts are not rare and, according to seismic studies, often form diapirs and stocks [2,6]. The overlying Devonian complex is characterized by a change of the Early Paleozoic carbonate sedimentation by terrigenous one. Devonian rocks on the islands are represented by red and green sandstones, siltstones and argillites. There are no Carboniferous and Lower Permian formations within the islands, while, shelf territory contains Middle Carboniferous (?)-Permian seismic complex, presumably composed of siltstones, argillites, and, to a lesser extent, sandstones. Its basement forms the most pronounced structural discordance in the sedimentary cover of the North Kara sedimentary basin.
The East Kara megafold is identified as part of the Kara sedimentary basin. It is complicated by the Ushakov and Vize arches, as well as the Schmidt, Voronin and Krasnoarmeysky trough [14]. The Voronin trough is the most contrasting rift-induced structure. Its northeastern trough is crossed by the seismic profile (Fig.2). The length of the Voronin trough is more than 50 km, the width is 20 km, the thickness of the sedimentary filling is more than 7 km. The structures of salt diapirs and stocks are widely presented within the shallower Krasnoarmeysky trough.
Paleozoic rocks are eroded within horsts and overlie by Mesozoic, less often -Late Cenozoic rocks. Argillites and siltstones are assumed as part of the Triassic seismic complex. The Jurassic seismic complex is also characterized by a clayey composition, while the Cretaceous seismic complex is composed of coarser varieties -sands, siltstones, with an admixture of clayey material.
Previously, Paleogene rocks were assumed as part of the sedimentary cover of the Kara shelf. But, according to new seismic data, the Cenozoic deposits are developed within the continental margin, while the Miocene-Quaternary sediments, which make up the uppermost seismic complex, are widespread on the shelf. The upper seismic complex is predominantly composed by pebblestones, gravels, coarse-grained sands, silts, less often clays.  (Fig.3). In the cores of the anticline folds, the Lower Silurian rocks of the Sredninskaya suite protrude on the surface of the seabed, and in the syncline folds, the Middle Devonian rocks of the Albanovskaya suite. Typically, on the shallow shelf around the Severnaya Zemlya islands, there is a straight seabed relief, corresponding to tectonic structures: uplifts and ridges correspond to anticline fold, depressions and troughs -to syncline ones (Fig.3). According to geophysical data, the strongest structural unconformity also has a Middle Carboniferous age, when the Severozemelskaya folding ended. The unconformity separates the two lower structural levels characterizing the structure of the sedimentary cover of the North Kara shelf [14]. The angular unconformity at the base of the Ordovician complex, recorded in the structure of the Severnaya Zemlya section and confidently traced in the southern part of the North Kara basin [5], becomes secondary and lost in its northern part. The sedimentary cover in the North Kara basin, in contrast to Severnaya Zemlya, contains Mesozoic terrigenous seismic complexes.
Thus, within the limits of the North Kara shelf in the Cambrian-Devonian time, there were rather deep troughs and uplifts separating them. Coastal-marine carbonate and carbonateterrigenous sediments, including salts and gypsum accumulated in the shallow parts of the basin [9]. In deep riftogenic structures such as the Voronin trough, sedimentation rates were significant, and flysch deposits accumulated there. The sedimentary cover of the North Kara basin is weakly deformed by folding processes that extended up to the Carboniferous period from the Taimyr-Severozemelskaya fold zone. The accumulation of shallow-water shelf sediments within a single North Kara sedimentary basin begins only from the Carboniferous-Permian time. The thin cover of Permian and Triassic-Jurassic sediments is subhorizontal, sheetlike, and is practically unaffected by fold and disjunctive dislocations. Thus, the Mesozoic folding on the shelf led only to weak tectonic movements along faults, diving into the Triassic and Jurassic seismic complexes. Nevertheless, the region was affected by neotectonic processes, as a result of which the near Severnaya Zemlya part of the Kara shelf was involved in the uplift and was a denudation area in the Early Cenozoic. This was reflected in the erosion of the Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments, and the general monoclinal slope of the entire sediment sequence. At present, evidence of neotectonic processes are earthquakes with medium magnitudes within the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and surrounding shelf structures [3]. Miocene (?)-Quaternary deposits of the uppermost seismic complex are thin and discontinuous. Its considerable thickness is observed within the foot of the Voronin trough slopes, where the deposits has landslide origin according to the obtained records.
In the north, the Kara shelf structures are cut by the superimposed oceanic formations. The modern continental slope corresponds to the continent-ocean transition zone, which separates the shelf structures from the Nansen deep-water oceanic basin [17]. On seismic sections, this area is characterized by subsidence of the basement and an increase in sediment thickness (Fig.2). The clinoform complex of the continental slope is composed of Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrigenous rocks.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, we have determined the type of seismo-acoustic recording of Paleozoic rocks in the straits and bays of Severnaya Zemlya. We also tracked seismic complexes of Paleozoic rocks within the open part of the Kara Sea shelf. The upper unconformities on the CDP seismic reflection and seismo-acoustic profiles are compared. Direct tracing of all horizons is hampered by the deformation zone located to the West of the Severnaya Zemlya islands. The brightest and most contrasting is the base of the Middle Carboniferous (?)-Permian seismic complex, which lie unconformably on eroded Silurian and Devonian rocks. The plate part of the sedimentary cover of the North Kara Shelf is represented by horizontally lying thin strata of the Middle Carboniferous (?)-Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic-Cretaceous age. At present, a part of the shelf adjacent to the island has been uplifted, with the erosion of Mesozoic rocks. The uppermost Late Cenozoic seismic complex is thin and extremely unstable along the strike. It seems advisable to further study the North Kara shelf with the drilling of a parametric, as well as stratigraphic and exploration wells. According to seismic data, there are potentially oil and gas bearing structures within the shelf.
The study was carried out within the framework of the State task All-Russian Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean named after I.S.Gramberg (VNIIOkeangeologia) for 2017-2020. The authors are grateful to the captains and crews of the research vessels "Fridtjof Nansen" and "Professor Molchanov" for providing field research, and also thank the reviewers for valuable comments that helped to clarify some sections of the article.